a descriptive analysis of the Eurobact II study

Funding Information: The Eurobact 2 study group, National coordinators, scientific committee and participating intensive care units: East Asia and Pacific: Australia —National Coordinator: A/Prof. Alexis Tabah; Scientific Committee: Prof. Jeffrey Lipman; Participating ICUs: The Prince Charles Hospital, Adult Intensive Care Services: Dr. Mahesh Ramanan. Fiona Stanley Hospital, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Edward Litton, Ms Anna Maria Palermo, Mr Timothy Yap, Mr Ege Eroglu. Japan —National Coordinator: Dr. Yoshiro Hayashi; Participating ICUs: Hiroshima University Hospital, ICU: Dr. Koji Hosokawa. St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital, Mixed ICU: Dr. Hideki Yoshida, Prof. Shigeki Fujitani. Middle East and North Africa: Iran —National Coordinator: Prof. Farid Zand; Participating ICUs: Imam-Reza, General Icu: Prof Ata Mahmoodpoor. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Clinical Immunology Research Center: Dr. Seyed Mohammad Nasirodin (S.M.N.) Tabatabaei. Saudi Arabia —Participating ICUs: Prince Sultan Medical Military Center, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Omar Elrabi, Dr. Ghaleb A Almekhlafi. Latin America and The Caribbean: Argentina —National Coordinator: Dr. Gabriela Vidal; Participating ICUs: Hospital Zatti, Ucia: Dra Marta Aparicio, Microbiologa Irene Alonzo. Mexico —National Coordinator: Dr. Silvio A. Namendys-Silva; Participating ICUs: Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo: Dr. Mariana Hermosillo, Dr. Roberto Alejandro Castillo. Europe And Central Asia: Belgium —National Coordinator: Dr. Liesbet De Bus; Scientific Committee: Jan De Waele; Participating ICUs: A.S.Z., Iz: Dr. Isabelle Hollevoet. Clinique Saint-Pierre, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Nicolas De Schryver, Dr. Nicolas Serck. Bosnia And Herzegovina —National Coordinator: Dr. Pedja Kovacevic; Participating ICUs: University Clinical Centre of The Republic Of Srpska, Medical Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Pedja Kovacevic, Dr. Biljana Zlojutro. France —National Coordinator: Prof. Marc Leone; Scientific Committee: Prof. Jean-François Timsit, Prof. Etienne Ruppe, Mr. Stephane Ruckly, Prof. Philippe Montravers; Participating ICUs: Centre Hospitalier De Bigorre, Service De Réanimation Polyvalente: Dr. Thierry Dulac, Dr. Jérémy Castanera. Centre Hospitalier De Pau, Réanimation Polyvalente: Dr. Alexandre Massri, Dr. Charlotte Guesdon. Ghef Site De Marne-La-Vallée, Réanimation Polyvalente: Dr. Pierre Garcon, Dr. Matthieu Duprey. Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation: Dr. François Philippart, Dr. Marc Tran, Dr. Cédric Bruel. Hôpital De La Source, Centre Hospitalier Régional D'orléans, Médecine Intensive & Réanimation (Medical Icu): Dr. François Barbier. Hôpital Louis Pasteur, Réanimation: Dr. Pierre Kalfon, Mr Gaëtan Badre. Sorbonne Universite Pitie Salpetriere, Médecine Intensive Et Réanimation Neurologique: Dr. Sophie Demeret, Dr. Loïc Le Guennec. Italy —National Coordinator: Prof. Matteo Bassetti and Dr. Daniele Giacobbe; Participating ICUs: Città Della Salute E Della Scienza - Molinette, Anestesia E Rianimazione Universitaria: Dr. Giorgia Montrucchio, Dr. Gabriele Sales. Irccs Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Terapia Intensiva: Dr. Ivan Daroui, Dr. Giovanni Lodi. Policlino Paolo Giaccone, Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, Terapia Intensiva Polivalente: Dr. Andrea Cortegiani, Dr. Mariachiara Ippolito, Dr. Davide Bellina, Dr. Andrea Di Guardo. Sant'andrea Hospital Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Medical And Surgical Science And Translational Medicine Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Monica Rocco, Dr. Silvia Fiorelli. Poland —National Coordinator: Dr. Adam Mikstacki; Participating ICUs: Wss Im. Wl. Bieganskiego, Oddzial Anestezjologii I Intensywnej Terapii - Osrodek Pozaustrojowych Technik Wspomagania Czynnosci Nerek I Wątroby: Prof Assoc Mariusz Peichota, Dr. Iwona Pietraszek-Grzywaczewska. Portugal —National Coordinator: Prof. José-Artur Paiva; Scientific Committee: Prof. Pedro Póvoa; Participating ICUs: CHUA Faro, Smi-1: Dr. Andriy Krystopchuk, Dr. Ana Teresa. Hospital De Cascais Dr Jose De Almeida, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos: Dr. António Manuel Pereira de Figueiredo, Dr. Isabel Botelho. Hospital Sao Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Unidade De Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente: Dr. Vasco Costa, Dr. Rui Pedro Cunha. Russian Federation —National Coordinator: Prof Alexey Gritsan; Participating ICUs: Privolzhskiy District Medical Center, Department Anesthesiology and Intensive Care: Dr. Vladislav Belskiy, Dr. Mikhail Furman. Spain —National Coordinator: Dr. Ricard Ferrer; Participating ICUs: Vall D'herbon, Intensive Care Medicine: Dr. Ricard Ferrer, Dr. Maria Martinez, Dr. Vanessa Casares. Hospital Del Mar, Critical Care Unit: Dr. Maria Pilar Gracia Arnillas, Dr. Rosana Munoz Bermudez. Hospital Punta De Europa, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Alejandro Ubeda, Dra Maria Salgado. Hospital Universitario La Paz, Surgical Critical Care Unit: Dr. Emilio Maseda, Dr. Alejandro Suarez De La Rica. University Hospital Severo Ochoa, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Miguel Angel Blasco-Navalpotro, Dr. Alberto Orejas Gallego. Switzerland —National Coordinator: Dr. Josef Prazak; Scientific Committee: Dr. Niccolò Buetti; Participating ICUs: Chuv, Service De Médecine Intensive Adulte: Dr. Jl Pagani, Mrs S Abed-Maillard. Turkey —National Coordinator: Prof. Akova Murat, Dr. Abdullah Tarık Aslan; Participating ICUs: Hacettepe University of Faculty of Medicine, Intensive Care Unit(ICU): Dr. Akova Murat, Dr. Abdullah Tarik Aslan, Dr. Arzu Topeli Iskit. Acibadem Kadikoy Hospital, ICU: Dr. Selcuk Mehtap, Dr. Solakoğlu Ceyhun. Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology: Dr. Bircan Kayaaslan, Dr. Ayşe Kaya Kalem. Aydin Adnan Menderes University Research Hospital, Anesthesia and Reanimation ICU: Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Kurt, Dr. (Professor) Murat Telli, Dr. (Associate Professor) Barcin Ozturk. Hitit University Erol Olcok Education and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology: Prof. Dr. Nurcan (N) Baykam, Assistant Prof. Dr. Özlem (O) Akdoğan. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Sadi Sun ICU: Prof.Dr. Nese Saltoglu, Ass Prof.Dr. Ridvan Karaali. Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology: Prof Dr. Iftihar Koksal, Assist. Prof. Firdevs Aksoy. Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, ICU: Dr. Kemal Tolga Saracoglu, Dr. Yeliz Bilir. Kayseri City Hospital, ICU: Dr. Seda Guzeldag. Mersin University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology: Dr. Gulden Ersoz, Dr. Guliz Evik. School Of Medicine, Medipol Mega University Hospitals Complex, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation: Dr. Cem Erdogan. Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology: Dr. Yasar Bayindir, Dr. Yasemin Ersoy. The United Kingdom —National Coordinator: Dr. Andrew Conway Morris; Participating ICUs: Addenbrookes Hospital, John V Farman Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Andrew Conway Morris, Dr. Matthew Routledge. Addenbrookes Hospital, Neurocritical Care Unit (NCCU): Dr. Andrew Conway Morris, Dr. Ari Ercole. Croydon University Hospital, Critical Care Unit: Dr. Ashok Raj, Dr. Artemis Zormpa, Dr. George Tinaslanidis, Mrs Reena Khade. Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, Critical Care Unit: Dr. Ashraf Roshdy Sandwell And West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Santhana Kannan, Dr. Supriya Antrolikar, Dr. Nicholas Marsden. Warwick Hospital, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Ben Attwood, Dr. Jamie Patel. South Asia: India —National Coordinator: Prof. Mohan Gurjar; Participating ICUs: St Johns Medical College Hospital, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Micu: Dr. Carol Dsilva, Dr. Jagadish Chandran. Sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan —National Coordinator: Dr. Bashir El Sanousi; Participating ICUs: East Nile Hospital, Intensive Care Unit: Dr. Elfayadh Saidahmed, Dr. Hytham K.S. Hamid. Funding Information: The authors have disclosed that they do not have conflict of interest. Dr. Buetti received a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Number: P4P4PM_194449). Prof. Timsit received fees for lectures to 3M, MSD, Pfizer, and BioMérieux; he received research grants from Astellas, 3M, MSD, and Pfizer; and he participated to advisory boards of 3M, MSD, Bayer Pharma, Nabriva, and Pfizer. Dr. Barbier received consulting and lecture fees from MSD and BioMérieux. Prof. Cortegiani received fees for lectures from Gilead, MSD, Pfizer; and he participated to advisory boards of MSD, Gilead, Pfizer. Dr. Montrucchio received fees for lectures from Gilead, Pfizer, Thermofisher; and she participated to advisory boards of Gilead. Dr. Conway Morris sits on the scientific advisory board of Cambridge Infection Diagnostics. Prof. Akova received grants from Pfizer and Gilead, had lecture fees paid to the institution by Pfizer and Sanofi. Dr. Ramanan acknowledges support from the Metro North Hospital and Health Services Clinician-Researcher Fellowship. Dr. Conway Morris sits on the scientific advisory board of Cambridge Infection Diagnostics. Dr. Conway Morris is supported by a Clinician Scientist Fellowship from the Medical Research Council (MR/V006118/1). Prof. José-Artur Paiva received fees for consulting, advisory boards or lectures from MSD, Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca, Gilead, Jansen, Cepheid, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals. Funding Information: Research grants were obtained from the European society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP), the Norva Dahlia foundation and the Redcliffe Hospital Private Practice Trust Fund. Dr. Buetti received a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Number: P4P4PM_194449). The study was endorsed by the critically ill group of the ESCMID (ESGCIP) and by the infection group of the ESICM with scientific input of the OUTCOMEREA network. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: The study aimed to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HABSIs) between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 critically ill patients. Methods: We used data from the Eurobact II study, a prospective observational multicontinental cohort study on HABSI treated in ICU. For the current analysis, we selected centers that included both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 critically ill patients. We performed descriptive statistics between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 in terms of patients’ characteristics, source of infection and microorganism distribution. We studied the association between COVID-19 status and mortality using multivariable fragility Cox models. Results: A total of 53 centers from 19 countries over the 5 continents were eligible. Overall, 829 patients (median age 65 years [IQR 55; 74]; male, n = 538 [64.9%]) were treated for a HABSI. Included patients comprised 252 (30.4%) COVID-19 and 577 (69.6%) non-COVID-19 patients. The time interval between hospital admission and HABSI was similar between both groups. Respiratory sources (40.1 vs. 26.0%, p < 0.0001) and primary HABSI (25.4% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.006) were more frequent in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients had more often enterococcal (20.5% vs. 9%) and Acinetobacter spp. (18.8% vs. 13.6%) HABSIs. Bacteremic COVID-19 patients had an increased mortality hazard ratio (HR) versus non-COVID-19 patients (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.49–2.45). Conclusions: We showed that the epidemiology of HABSI differed between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Enterococcal HABSI predominated in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients with HABSI had elevated risk of mortality. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.org number NCT03937245. Registered 3 May 2019.publishersversionpublishe

A Comparative Trial of Single Dose Chemotherapy in Paucibacillary Leprosy Patients with Two to Three Skin Lesions.

A multicentric double-blind, controlled, clinical trial was carried out to compare the efficacy of a combination of rifampicin 600 mg plus ofloxacin 400 mg plus minocycline 100 mg (ROM) administered as single dose with that of standard WHO/MDT/PB six months regimen. The study subjects were 236 previously untreated, smear-negative patients, without nerve trunk involvement and having only two or three skin lesions. Randomization was done on individual patient basis. Results were analyzed for mean clincal score for improvement, marked clinical improvement and complete clinical cure at the time of release from treatment and at 12 months and 18 months of follow-up. Clinical improvement was seen in most patients in both regimens. Marked improvement (i.e., more than 90% reduction in clinical score) at 18 months was seen in 46.2% and 53.4% of the patients treated with ROM and standard regimens, respectively. But, significant difference in favour of standard PB regimen was seen in patients with three skin lesions and in patients in whom more than one body part was affected. Reversal reaction and adverse drug reactions were minimal in both groups

Professional Doctorates 2016: Updates and Further Recommendations

The charge to this second working group was to examine the 2012 recommendations and clarify Walden’s position on professional doctorates. Unlike the first effort that addressed differences between professional and academic doctorates, the expectations for this group were to focus on the commonalities in the university’s professional doctorates; set clear and consistent definitions, standards, and requirements for our professional doctorates; and link those programs to employment paths more directly. From the outset, the working group acknowledged that any outcome will be a “living document” that continues to be refined as discussion continues in the university community

Specific issues concerning the management of patients on the waiting list and after liver transplantation

The present document is a second contribution collecting the recommendations of an expert panel of transplant hepatologists appointed by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF) concerning the management of certain aspects of liver transplantation, including: the issue of prompt referral; the management of difficult candidates; malnutrition; living related liver transplants; hepatocellular carcinoma; and the role of direct acting antiviral agents before and after transplantation. The statements on each topic were approved by participants at the AISF Transplant Hepatology Expert Meeting organized by the Permanent Liver Transplant Commission in Mondello on 12-13 May 2017. They are graded according to the GRADE grading system

the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study

Funding JdW is a senior clinical investigator funded by the Research Foundation Flan ders (FWO, Ref. 1881020N). ACM is supported by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/ V006118/1). NB received a fellowship grant (Grant number: P4P4PM_194449) from the Swiss National Science Founda tion. Research grants were obtained from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP), the Norva Dahlia foundation and the Redclife Hospital Private Practice Trust Fund.PURPOSE: In the critically ill, hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSI) are associated with significant mortality. Granular data are required for optimizing management, and developing guidelines and clinical trials. METHODS: We carried out a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) with HA-BSI treated in intensive care units (ICUs) between June 2019 and February 2021. RESULTS: 2600 patients from 333 ICUs in 52 countries were included. 78% HA-BSI were ICU-acquired. Median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 8 [IQR 5; 11] at HA-BSI diagnosis. Most frequent sources of infection included pneumonia (26.7%) and intravascular catheters (26.4%). Most frequent pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria (59.0%), predominantly Klebsiella spp. (27.9%), Acinetobacter spp. (20.3%), Escherichia coli (15.8%), and Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%). Carbapenem resistance was present in 37.8%, 84.6%, 7.4%, and 33.2%, respectively. Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) was present in 23.5% and pan-drug resistance in 1.5%. Antimicrobial therapy was deemed adequate within 24 h for 51.5%. Antimicrobial resistance was associated with longer delays to adequate antimicrobial therapy. Source control was needed in 52.5% but not achieved in 18.2%. Mortality was 37.1%, and only 16.1% had been discharged alive from hospital by day-28. CONCLUSIONS: HA-BSI was frequently caused by Gram-negative, carbapenem-resistant and DTR pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance led to delays in adequate antimicrobial therapy. Mortality was high, and at day-28 only a minority of the patients were discharged alive from the hospital. Prevention of antimicrobial resistance and focusing on adequate antimicrobial therapy and source control are important to optimize patient management and outcomes.publishersversionpublishe

ASPIRE-2-PREVENT: a survey of lifestyle, risk factor management and cardioprotective medication in patients with coronary heart disease and people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) whether the Joint British Societies' guidelines on CVD prevention (JBS2) are followed in everyday clinical practice. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of medical records and patient interviews and examinations at least 6 months after the recruiting event or diagnosis using standardised instruments and a central laboratory for measurement of lipids and glucose. SETTINGS: The ASPIRE-2-PREVENT survey was undertaken in 19 randomly selected hospitals and 19 randomly selected general practices in 12 geographical regions in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. PATIENTS: In hospitals, 1474 consecutive patients with CHD were identified and 676 (25.6% women) were interviewed. In general practice, 943 people at high CVD risk were identified and 446 (46.5% women) were interviewed. RESULTS: The prevalence of risk factors in patients with CHD and high-risk individuals was, respectively: smoking 14.1%, 13.3%; obesity 38%, 50.2%; not reaching physical activity target 83.3%, 85.4%; blood pressure ≥130/80 mm Hg (patients with CHD and self-reported diabetes) or ≥140/85 mm Hg (high-risk individuals) 46.9%, 51.3%; total cholesterol ≥4 mmol/l 52.6%, 78.7%; and diabetes 17.8%, 43.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The potential among patients with CHD and individuals at high risk of developing CVD in the UK to achieve the JBS2 lifestyle and risk factor targets is considerable. CVD prevention needs a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, addressing all aspects of lifestyle and risk factor management. The challenge is to engage and motivate cardiologists, physicians and other health professionals to routinely practice high quality preventive cardiology in a healthcare system which must invest in prevention

Constraints on Supersymmetric Flavour Models from b->s gamma

We consider the effects of departures from minimal flavour violations (MFV) in the context of CMSSM-like theories. Second and third generation off-diagonal elements in the Yukawa, sfermion, and trilinear mass matrices are taken to be non-zero at the GUT scale. These are run down together with MSSM parameters to the electroweak scale. We apply constraints from fermion masses and CKM matrix elements to limit the range of the new free parameters of the model. We determine the effect of the departure from MFV on the branching ratio of b->s gamma. We find that only when the expansion parameter in the down-squark sector is relatively large there is a noticeable effect, which tends to relax the lower limit from b->s gamma on the universal gaugino mass. We also find that the expansion parameter associated with the slepton sector needs to be smaller than the corresponding parameter in the down-squark sector in order to be compliant with the bound imposed by the branching ratio of tau-> mu gamma.Comment: Comments: 43 pages, 14 figures. Version accepted for publication: typos corrected, rewritten for better understanding and references adde

Dilepton distributions at backward rapidities

The dilepton production at backward rapidities in $pAu$ and $pp$ collisions at RHIC and LHC energies is investigated in the dipole approach. The results are shown through the nuclear modification ratio $R_{pA}$ considering transverse momentum and rapidity spectra. The dilepton modification ratio presents interesting behavior at the backward rapidities when compared with the already known forward ones, since it is related with the large $x$ kinematical region that is being probed. The rapidity dependence of the nuclear modification ratio in the dilepton production is strongly dependent on the Bjorken $x$ behavior of the nuclear structure function ratio $R_{F_{2}}=F_{2}^{A}/F_{2}^{p}$. The $R_{pA}$ transverse momentum dependence at backward rapidities is modified due to the large $x$ nuclear effects: at RHIC energies, for instance, the ratio $R_{pA}$ is reduced as $p_T$ increases, presenting an opposite behavior when compared with the forward one. It implies that the dilepton production at backward rapidities should carry information of the nuclear effects at large Bjorken $x$, as well as that it is useful to investigate the $p_T$ dependence of the observables in this kinematical regime.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures. Version published in the Phys. Rev.

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations.

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended genome-wide association meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3255 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12488 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a ~0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism that creates two highly differentiated haplotypes and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative including non-Caucasian individuals, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.S.E.H. and C.A.S. partially supported genotyping through a philanthropic donation. A.F. and D.E. were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and COVID-19 grant Research (BMBF; ID:01KI20197); A.F., D.E. and F.D. were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). D.E. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). D.E., K.B. and S.B. acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). T.L.L., A.T. and O.Ö. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. M.W. and H.E. are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, ‘Genes, Environment and Inflammation’. L.V. received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute (RF-2016-02364358), Italian Ministry of Health ‘CV PREVITAL’—strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ‘REVEAL’; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘Ricerca corrente’, Fondazione Sviluppo Ca’ Granda ‘Liver-BIBLE’ (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘5permille’ ‘COVID-19 Biobank’ (RC100017A). A.B. was supported by a grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: ‘Bio-banking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by an MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022’. This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP (The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol) IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). M.M. received research funding from grant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)-Una manera de hacer Europa’). B.C. is supported by national grants PI18/01512. X.F. is supported by the VEIS project (001-P-001647) (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ‘A way to build Europe’). Additional data included in this study were obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. A.J. and S.M. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). A.J. was also supported by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The Basque Biobank, a hospital-related platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government’s Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. M.C. received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). M.R.G., J.A.H., R.G.D. and D.M.M. are supported by the ‘Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100) and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón’s team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’. J.C.H. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. E.S. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no. 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). P.K. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). O.A.C. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—CECAD, EXC 2030–390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. K.U.L. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. F.H. was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to A.R. from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to A.R. P.R. is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). F.T. is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). C.L. and J.H. are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). T.B., M.M.B., O.W. und A.H. are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. M.A.-H. was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. E.C.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1)