Who are the Queen Bees? : a systematic review of literature

O presente estudo visa compreender a o significado, relevância e o impacto do uso da metáfora ‘queen bee’ (QB) na literatura sobre género e organizações. A literatura revela que desde a sua definição original da metáfora, o seu significado tem sofrido alterações. As mudanças no significado são influenciadas ou afetam a sua utilização. Neste sentido, uma ‘queen bee’ começou por ser uma mulher bem sucedida numa organização dominada por homens, que prejudica o desenvolvimento da carreira de outras mulheres que ocupam posições inferiores na hierarquia organizacional. O comportamento QB era, deste modo, o resultado de características individuais das mulheres poderosas. Elas comportavam-se e pensavam como os homens e eram vistas como tendo traído o seu grupo de pertença (as mulheres) para se incorporarem no grupo adversário (os homens). Mais tarde, sob influência da Teoria da Identidade social, surgiu outra abordagem segundo a qual o comportamento QB passou a ser considerado uma resposta às estruturas organizacionais dominadas por homens. Críticos da abordagem QB ressaltam como o foco sistemático nas QB contribui para disseminar e perpetuar estereótipos de género. O estudo foi conduzido através de uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura a uma amostra de 43 artigos publicados entre 2014 e 2020. Os resultados sugerem que a metáfora QB parece ter pouca relevância e as consequências da sua utilização pode contrariar o efeito das políticas que visam assegurar a igualdade de género nas empresas.The present study aims to understand the meaning, relevance and impact of the use of the metaphor of ‘queen bee’ (QB) in gender and organisational literature. The literature shows that since the original definition of the metaphor, its meaning has been shifting. Changes in meaning are usually affected or affect its use. Hence, a queen bee started to be a successful woman in a male-dominated organisation, who would hinder the career advancement of other women in lower hierarchical positions. QB behaviour was mainly a result of individual characteristics of powerful women. They behaved and thought like men, and were seen as having betrayed their group (women) to join the adversary ranks (men). Later, social identity theory introduced another approach, and QB behaviour became a response to male-dominated organisational structures. Critics of QB approaches emphasise how the focus on QB contributes to disseminate and perpetuate gender stereotypes. A SLR was carried out from a sample of 43 articles published between 2014 and 2020. Results suggest that the QB metaphor is of little relevance, and the consequences of its use may hinder the effect of policies aiming to ensure gender equality in business corporations

Escherichia coli in Lake Erie: Impact on Lake Health

Lake Erie is a vital resource for its surrounding area, and one of its most important purposes is as a recreational body of water. In determining whether Lake Erie’s water quality meets U.S. EPA standards, daily surveys and water samples were taken on behalf of the Lake County General Health District, as well as E. coli samples every other day. This paper quantified the E. coli count for both Mentor Headlands Beach and Fairport Harbor Beach in Lake County over the swimming seasons for 2020 and 2021, as well as evaluated which variables collected in daily surveys impact E. coli count. Both wave height and 24-hour precipitation (collected through USGS gage 04212100 Grand River near Painesville, OH) were shown to be associated with E. coli count. The overall health of Lake Erie, according to U.S. EPA standards, is decent, but the Harmful Algal Bloom severity index suggests otherwise

Capturing screenshots from embedded devices

The goal of the diploma thesis was the development of a system for capturing screenshots from existing Pipistrel embedded devices. These devices offer CAN network connectivity, and with an appropriate interface, a personal computer can also be connected to the CAN network. The target system therefore envisages a personal computer application, where a user can request a screenshot from the embedded device via the CAN network and a software module for the embedded device, which ensures that the said action is performed on the embedded device. The development of the system was carried out according to the RAD methodology, where a prototype with only the key functionality and without any optimizations was prepared first, and then several improvements were added later. These mainly concern the lack of memory on the embedded device side and the low bandwidth of the CAN network. The final implementation was tested on two different embedded devices

Capturing screenshots from embedded devices

The goal of the diploma thesis was the development of a system for capturing screenshots from existing Pipistrel embedded devices. These devices offer CAN network connectivity, and with an appropriate interface, a personal computer can also be connected to the CAN network. The target system therefore envisages a personal computer application, where a user can request a screenshot from the embedded device via the CAN network and a software module for the embedded device, which ensures that the said action is performed on the embedded device. The development of the system was carried out according to the RAD methodology, where a prototype with only the key functionality and without any optimizations was prepared first, and then several improvements were added later. These mainly concern the lack of memory on the embedded device side and the low bandwidth of the CAN network. The final implementation was tested on two different embedded devices

O enigma do aparecimento da Aids

O autor apresenta a situação atual dos conhecimentos sobre os laços genealógicos entre os retrovírus do grupo SIV/HIV Comenta as explicações biológicas concernentes ao aparecimento das cepas virulentas do HIV-1. Desenvolve sua própria hipótese, formulada desde 1989, sobre o papel entremeado dos fatores biológicos e sociais na emergência da epidemia de Aids. Uma explicação de inspiração neodarwiniana é completada pelo conceito de patocenose - criado pelo autor - que permite relacionar o princípio dessa epidemia com as mudanças ocorridas na morbidade geral.L'auteur présente l'état actuel des connaissances sur les liens généalogiques entre les retrovirus du groupe SIV/HIV commente les explications biologiques de l'apparition des souches virulentes du HIV-1 et développe sa propre hypothèse, formulée depuis 1989, sur le rôle enchevêtré des facteurs biologiques et sociaux dans l'émergence de l'épidémie sida. Une explication d'inspiration néodarwienne est complétée par le recours au concept de pathocénose qui met le début de cette épidémic en rapport avec les changements dans la morbidité générale

The history of occupational medicine

Čovjek provodi radeći veći dio svojeg svijesnog života, a to mu je prijeka potreba, kako za postignuće osobnog zadovoljstva, psihičke fizičke ravnoteže, tako i za biološko i socijalno održanje i unapređenje društvene zajednice. No rad nije uvijek samo pozitivan zdravstveni i socijalni faktor: on može biti i uzrok bolesti, ako je prenaporan, ako ne odgovara sposobnostima pojedinca, ako nije prekidan prikladnim odmorom ili ako se odvija u posebnim prilikama, koje ugrožavaju zdravlje (na pr. izloženost štetnim kemijskim i fizikalnim utjecajima). Negativni utjecaj nekih zvanja na zdravlje poetski je zbito i snažno opisan već prije 4000 godina u staroegipatskim papirusima: »Vidio sam metalca na radu uz otvor peći za taljenje. Prsti su mu poput kože krokodilove; smrdi gore od riblje mrijesti. Zidar obrađuje tvrdi kamen. Kad dovrši posao, ruke su mu izmorene, tijelo klonulo, tek u sumrak može da sjedne, a krsta su njegova i bedra kao prebijeni. U hranu mu je pomiješano blato i smeće, od gladi grize nokte. Brijač radi do kame noći. Ide ulicama tražeći posla. Napreže ruke samo da bi napunio želudac. Lađar, što prevozi robu do Delte, radi više nego što ruke mogu izdržati. Insekti ga ubijaju. Tkalac u radionici radi teže nego žena u kući. On čuči s koljenima pritisnutim uz trbuh i ne udiše svježi zrak. Podmićuje kruhom vratara, samo da bi mogao vidjeti danje svijetlo. Bojadisar smrdi, oči su mu umorne, ruke rade bez prestanka ... « (Pap. Sallier II i Pap. Anastasi VII).A review is given of the development of occupational medicine from the Neolithic age down to the present time. As occupational medicine, to a greater extent and much more directly than other branches of medical sciences, depends on the economic structure of society and its changes, special attention is paid to the economic background of each period, against which the characteristic forms of occupational medicine in the course of its development can be understood more easily. Thus for instance, emphasis is laid on the aristocratic character of ancient Greek medicine, on little understanding of occupational medicine on the part of classical medical writers, on the role of feudal relations and guilds in the Middle Ages etc. Only in the period of transition to capitalism in Italy and other European countries, and industrial revolutions in England, Germany and France was it possible for occupational medicine to develop as an independent scientific branch equal to any other medical activity. Primitive health protection of workers dates back to the Neolithic age. Statuettes made of clay with a mask over their faces from prehistoric excavations in Vinča near Belgrade, where the Neolithic man prepared mercury and cinnabar pigment by roasting cinnabar, clearly show that the workers of that time were protected from the inhalation of toxic mercury vapour, probably in the same way as described later by Plinius and Dioscurides. The analysis is given of the conditions in ancient Egypt as an illustration of working conditions in one of the organized ancient state. Very scarce data on occupational diseases as presented in the works of ancient physicians (Hippocrates, Celsus, Galen) and non-medical writers (Plato, Plautus, Martial, Juvenal, Vitruvius, Lucretius) are quoted extensively. Amongst mediaeval writers the significance of Arnaldus de Villanova is pointed out. He was the first to write a separate chap.er on the diseases of craftsmen. The contribution to the development of occupational medicine of the Renaissance authors Ellenbog, Paracelsus and Agricola is also set forth. The conditions in the mercury mine of ldria, the exploitation of which began in the early part of the 15th century, are described in more detail. The observations made by Paracelsus and Mattioli on the diseases of ldria miners deserve special attention. Bernardino Ramazzini\u27s work »De morbis artificum diatriba« (Modena 1700) is presented, as it is, as a landmark in the history of occupational medicine. After a short analysis of this work and its significance, the most important successors of Ramazzini\u27s work are mentioned, and a systematic review is given of the development of scientific investigations and legislation concerning the protection of workers·health in England, Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and Russia. Historical data on occupational lead, mercury, and phosphorus poisoning are presented at length, with an outline of the history of the acquirement of knowledge of occupational cancer, silicotuberculosis. caisson disease, miners\u27ancylostomiasis and X-ray injuries. After a brief description of the development of modern occupational health institutions, hospitals, associations and journals in Germany, England, the United States, France, Italy, Switzerland and USSR, a detailed presentation, based on the author\u27s own studies, is set forth of the historical development of occupational medicine in the Southern Slavic countries, with particular reference to the present position and progress of occupational medicine in Yugoslavia. The outstanding work of Željko Hahn (1876-1941) as a founder of scientific occupational health work in this country is specially emphasized. The development of international co-operation in the field of occupational medicine, and the significance and historical development of social insurance are also brought forward