Policondrite em suínos de creche e crescimento-terminação

Em animais, inflamações do tecido cartilaginoso (condrites) geralmente ocorrem devido à extensão de lesões em outros tecidos. Condrites primárias são raras e geralmente apresentam características semelhantes às observadas em humanos com uma condição autoimune denominada policondrite recidivante. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a apresentação clínico-patológica de um surto de policondrite em suínos. No mês de junho de 2021, foram realizadas visitas a quatro granjas suínas na cidade de Pinhalzinho (SC), nas quais foram obtidos dados clínicos, realizou-se coleta de sangue e avaliação clínica, seguida de necropsia dos suínos acometidos. Na fase de creche e crescimento-terminação aproximadamente 3 e 4% dos suínos, respectivamente, apresentavam otohematomas. Ainda, nas últimas fases, aproximadamente 60% dos suínos com lesão auricular apresentavam piora clínica caracterizada por dispneia inspiratória e estridor respiratório que, por vezes, evoluía para óbito quando movimentados. Macroscopicamente, os leitões da creche apresentavam as orelhas aumentadas e, na superfície de corte, a cartilagem estava fragmentada, entremeada a material esbranquiçado e firme (fibrose), os quais separavam do tecido cutâneo, e formavam uma fenda, preenchida por fibrina e coágulos sanguíneos. Os suínos de crescimento-terminação apresentavam lesões auriculares semelhantes, porém, usualmente mais crônicas, e apresentavam também, as cartilagens laríngeas (epiglote e aritenoide) espessadas com oclusão parcial do lúmen laríngeo. Ao corte, essas cartilagens apresentavam-se fragmentadas. Microscopicamente, as cartilagens laríngeas e auriculares estavam circundadas por infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histiocitário com eventuais células gigantes multinucleadas tipo corpo estranho, além de perda da basofilia da matriz cartilaginosa na periferia. Essas cartilagens ainda estavam fragmentadas e intercaladas por fibrose, hemorragia e deposição de fibrina. Ainda, as cartilagens afetadas apresentavam evidenciação de fibras elásticas e perda da coloração na periferia da matriz cartilaginosa nas colorações de azul de toluidina e alciano. Os achados desses casos foram compatíveis com policondrite, que acomete as cartilagens laríngeas e auriculares, semelhante ao descrito em outras espécies animais e nos casos de policondrite recidivante em humanos. Não foi possível isolar um fator epidemiológico ou etiológico que justificasse o desencadeamento deste surto. Nos suínos aqui relatados, as lesões foram restritas às cartilagens elásticas (auricular, aritenoide e epiglote) e causaram prejuízos pela perda de desempenho zootécnico e pela morte de animais por insuficiência respiratória. Ao conhecimento dos autores, este é o primeiro relato de policondrite primária em suínos.In animals, inflammation of the cartilage tissue (chondritis) usually occurs due to the extent of damage to other tissues. Primary chondritis is rare and often has similar features to those seen in humans with an autoimmune condition called relapsing polychondritis. The aim of this work is to characterize the clinicopathological presentation of an outbreak of polychondritis in swine. In June 2021, visits were carried out to four swine farms in the city of Pinhalzinho (SC), in which clinical data were obtained, blood gathered, and clinical evaluation were performed, followed by necropsy of the affected pigs. In the nursery and growing-finishing phase approximately 3 and 4% of the pigs, respectively, had otohematomas. Also, in the last stages, approximately 60% of the pigs with auricular damage presented clinical worsening characterized by inspiratory dyspnea and respiratory stridor that sometimes died when moved. Grossly, the nursery piglets had enlarged ears and, on the cut surface, the cartilage was fragmented, interspersed with whitish and firm material (fibrosis), which separated from the skin tissue and formed a cleft, filled with fibrin and blood clots. Growing-finishing pigs had similar, but usually more chronic, auricular lesions, as well as thickened laryngeal cartilages (epiglottis and arytenoid), with partial occlusion of the laryngeal lumen. In the cut surface, these cartilages were fragmented. Microscopically, the laryngeal and auricular cartilages were surrounded by a lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate with occasional foreign body-type multinucleated giant cells, in addition to loss of basophilia of the cartilaginous matrix in the periphery. These cartilages were still fragmented and interspersed with fibrosis, hemorrhage, and fibrin deposition. Furthermore, the affected cartilages showed evidence of elastic fibers and loss of stain in the periphery of the cartilaginous matrix in the toluidine blue and alcian blue stains. The findings of these cases were compatible with polychondritis, which affects the laryngeal and auricular cartilages, similar to that described in other animal species and in human cases of relapsing polychondritis. It was not possible to isolate an epidemiological or etiological factor that justified the triggering of this outbreak. In the swine reported here, the lesions were restricted to the elastic cartilages (auricular, arytenoid and epiglottis) and caused losses due to loss of zootechnical performance and the death of animals due to respiratory failure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of primary polychondritis in pigs

Disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise em equinos associado a adenoma pituitário

The clinical syndrome of the pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinopathy of older horses. This syndrome is characterized by several clinical and pathological changes, which are usually associated with adenomas of the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland. The aim of this work is to describe five cases of pituitary adenoma of the PI associated with PPID in horses, addressing its clinical and pathological aspects. The horses had a mean of 22 years of age. The main clinical signs were hirsutism and paresis of hind limbs, and at post mortem examination all horses had hirsutism, and a nodule in the pituitary gland, which was histologically characterized as an adenoma of PI (5/5). Furthermore, two horses had gross lesions suggestive of chronic laminitis. Moreover, there was intense parasitism of Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5), and Klossiella equi (1/5).A síndrome clínica da disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise (PPID) é a endocrinopatia mais comum em cavalos idosos. Essa síndrome é caracterizada por várias alterações clínicas e patológicas, geralmente associadas a adenomas da pars intermedia (PI) da hipófise. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever cinco casos de adenoma hipofisário de PI associado a PPID em equinos, abordando seus aspectos clínicos e patológicos. Os cavalos apresentaram média de 22 anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíam hirsutismo e paresia dos membros pélvicos, e no exame post mortem todos os equinos apresentavam hirsutismo e um nódulo na glândula pituitária, que foi histologicamente caracterizada como um adenoma de PI (5/5). Além disso, dois cavalos tinham lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de laminite crônica. Ainda, havia intenso parasitismo de Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5) e Klossiella equi (1/5)

Typhlocolitis by Edwardsiella tarda in a Cow

Background: Edwardsiella tarda has been report as etiology of gastroenteritis in both human and veterinary medicine, usually associated with exposure to aquatic environments in immunocompromised individuals. The present report describes a case of typhlocolitis in a cow in the west region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Case: After clinically evaluation of animal and proceeding euthanasia and realized the necropsy. Tissue samples were collected, and routinely processed for histological examination. Histopathological lesions were described as mild, moderate and severe. Tissue and swabs samples of small and large intestine were sent to standard microbiological culture processing. At necropsy, cattle presented severe dehydration and emaciation. Eye and vaginal mucosa were severely congested. The opening of the abdominal cavity revealed a great amount of greenish fluid and a large amount of fecal material, associated with diffuse severe peritonitis, evidenced by hyperemia and severe deposition of fibrin in the visceral and parietal peritoneal surface. In the serosa of the cecum, there were two points of rupture, observed in the proximal colon. The mucosa of cecum and colon were severely edematous, hyperemic, and presented diffusely distributed pinpoint round hemorrhages, as well as fibrinonecrotic material adhered to the surface. Histologically, in the mucosa of cecum and colon, moderate to severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with multifocal severe necrosis were observed. Moderate diffuse fibrin deposition was evidenced in the submucosa and muscular, as well as multifocal moderate necrosis in the muscular layer. In the serous, severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils associated with fibrin deposition and innumerous coccoid bacterial colonies were observed. The samples subjected to bacterial isolation showed growth of Edwardsiella tarda. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp.Discussion: The final diagnosis was established through the association of clinical history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, as well as, bacterial isolation of the etiological agent, Edwardsiella tarda. In this case, it is conjectured that the reservoirs which cattle had access represented the source of infection. The fact that the animal was in the immediate postpartum period may have predisposed to the development of clinical disease due to immunosuppression. In domestic animals, Edwardsiella tarda has been reported in swine, and as a cause of septicemia in calves. Clinically, intestinal manifestations observed in edwardsiellosis in cattle are indistinguishable from several other conditions that cause diarrhea, such as infectious, nutritional or parasitic diseases. The main differential diagnoses are salmonellosis and yersiniosis due to the similarities regarding to gross and histopathological lesions in these cases compared to cases of edwardsiellosis. Salmonellosis is characterized by grey to yellowish, fetid diarrhea in which blood and mucus are oftentimes observed. At necropsy, catarrhal, hemorrhagic or fibrinous enteritis may be evidenced. The lesions initially are seen in the ileum. However, in the chronic stages of infection, foci of necrosis and ulceration may be noted mainly in the cecum and colon. Histologically, a fibrin layer associated with necrosis and mucosal ulceration can be observed in the small intestine and initial portion of large intestine. Inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly by neutrophils, as well as fibrin thrombi in capillaries and venules are also observed. Lesions observed are similar that described in ulcerative colitis by E. tarda in human patients. In conclusion, Edwardsiella tarda can lead to a fatal typhlocolitis in cattle, being an important differential diagnosis in cases of acute diarrhea.Arya A.V., Rostom A., Dong W.F. & Flynn A.N. 2011. Crohn’s Disease Exacerbation Induced by Edwardsiella tarda Gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 5(3): 623-627.Engel J.J. & Martin T.L. 2006. Edwardsiella tarda as a cause of postdysenteric ulcerative colitis. International Journal Colarectal Disease. 21(2): 184-185.Ewing W.H., McWhorter A.C., Escobar M.R. & Lubin A.H. 1965. Edwardsiella, a new genus of enterobacteriaceae based on a new species, E. tarda. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 15(1): 33-38.Gelberg H.B. 2013.Sistema Alimentar, Peritônio, Omento Mesentério e Cavidade Peritonial. In: McGavin M.D. & Zachary F.M. (Eds). Bases da patologia em veterinária. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, pp.378-382.Janda J.M. & Abbott S.L. 1993.Infections Associated with the Genus Edwardsiella: the role of Edwardsiella tarda in human disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 17(4): 742-748.Leung K.Y., Siame B.A., Tenkink B.J., Noort R.J. & Mok Y.K. 2012. Edwardsiella tarda – Virulence mechanisms of an emerging gastroenteritis pathogen. Microbes and Infection. 14(1): 26-34. Litton K.M. & Rogers B.A. 2016.  Edwardsiella tarda Endocarditis Confirmed by Indium-111 White Blood Cell Scan: An Unusual Pathogen and Diagnostic Modality. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2016:1-3.  Magalhães H., Freitas M.A., Santos J.A. & Costa C.H.C. 1984. Septicemia por Edwardsiella tarda, em bezerro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 19(3): 367-370.Hirai Y., Ashata-Tago S., Ainoda Y., Fujita T. & Kikuchi K. 2015.Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia. A rare but fatal water – and foodborne infection: Review of the literature and clinical cases from a single centre. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 26(6): 313-318. Mikamo H., Ninomiya M., Sawamura H. & Tamaya T. 2003. Puerperal intrauterine infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 9(4): 341-343.Mohanti B.R. & Sahoo P.K. 2007. Edwardsiellosis in fish: a brief review. Journal of biosciences. 32(7): 1331-1344. Owens D.R., Nelson S.L. & Addinon J.B. 1974. Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from Swine. Appllied microbiology. 27(4): 703-705.Park S.B., Aokil T. & Jung T.S. 2012. Pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish. Veterinary Research. 43(1): 67.Riet-Correa F., Schild A.L., Méndez M.D.C. & Lemos R.A.A. 2007.Doenças de Ruminantes e Equídeos. 3.ed. Santa Maria: Pallotti, 998p. Slaven E.M., Lopez F.A., Hart S.M. & Sanders C.V. 2001. Myonecrosis Caused by Edwardsiella tarda: A Case Report and Case Series of Extraintestinal E. tarda Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32(10): 1430-1433.Tamada T., Koganemaru H., Mastsumoto K. & Hitomi S. 2009.Urosepsis caused by Edwardsiella tarda Journal of infection and chemotherapy. 15(3): 191-194.Thune R.L., Stanley L.A. & Cooper R.K. 1993. Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections in warm water fish. Annual Reviem of Fish Diseases. 3: 37-68.Uzal F.A., Plattiner B.L. & Hostetter J.M. 2015. Alimentary system. In: Maxie M.G. (Ed). Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of domestic animals.v.2. 6th edn. Saint Louis: Elsevier, pp.167-177. Wang I.K., Kuo H.L., Chen Y.M., Lin C.L., Chang H.Y., Chuang F.R. & Lee M.H. 2005. Extraintestinal manifestations of Edwardsiella tarda infection. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 59(8): 917-921.

Casuística de Diagnósticos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária no ano de 2015

Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos no ano de 2015 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 212 diagnósticos em bovinos, 24 em ovinos e 52 em suínos, totalizando 196. Destes, 211 (73,3%) foram através de necropsias e 77 (26,6%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram babesiose com 11 casos (5,2%); hemoncose, intoxicação por Pteridium arachnoideume leucose enzoótica bovina cada um com 10 casos (4,7%); e endocardite com 8 casos (3,8%). Já em ovinos foi hemoncose com 5 casos (21,0%) e suínos úlcera gástrica com 6 casos (11,5%); hepatose dietética com 5 casos (9,5%) e doença de Glässer com 4 casos (7,7%).

Plant Poisoning Containing Hydrocyanic Acid in Cattle in Southern Brazil

Background: Cyanogenic plants accumulate cyanogenic glycosides and release hydrocyanic acid (HCN). In Brazil, there have been reports of several plants that cause HCN poisoning in animals and lead to a fast death with few clinical signs and lesions on post-mortem examination. Some cultivars of Cynodon spp. grasses cause HCN poisoning in cattle in Brazil. The objectives of this work were to report the occurrence of deaths by HCN poisoning in cattle as diagnosed by the veterinary pathology laboratory, describe the quantity of HCN in some cultivars of Cynodon spp., as well as, to describe one cultivar of genus Cynodonnever reported as poisonous.Materials, Methods & Results: The archives of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus of the Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) were reviewed, seeking cases with a diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning in cattle after post mortem examination. The amount of HCN present in some cultivars of the Cynodon genus was quantified due to the high frequency of poisoning cases. From the 1,235 post mortem examinations of cattle 28 (2.27%) were diagnosed with spontaneous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, 17 cases (60.7%) due to ingestion of Prunus sp. or Manihot sp., and 11 cases (39.3%) of Cynodon dactylon ingestion. Most animals were found dead, normally having presented no clinical signs. Macroscopic evaluation mainly showed a severe amount of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass mixed in the ruminal content presenting a bitter almond odor. It was possible to infer that, among cultivars of the Cynodon genus, Florakirk showed the highest levels of HCN compared (P < 0.05) with Star of Puerto Rico, Tifton 68, Tifton 44, and Coast-Cross. Furthermore, Tifton 85 and Jiggs showed undetected levels of HCN. Leaves showed the highest HCN levels when comparing different parts of the plant. Regarding conservation methods, hay showed undetectable levels of HCN.Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first description of HCN poisoning in cattle due to ingestion of Cynodon dactylon cultivar Florakirk. This condition is described with a fast-clinical course, with animals found dead with no premonitory clinical signs. Poisoned animals did not develop macroscopic or microscopic specific lesions. Poisoning can be suspected when animals die suddenly, with absence of lesions under necropsy, and large amounts of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass inside their forestomaches. The diagnosis can be established performing the Picrosodic paper test, either in the pasture, or in the ruminal content. Occasionally however, HCN can go undetected when this chemical compound volatilizes between death and necropsy after several hours. Of all the Cynodon cultivars evaluated, Florakirk was the most dangerous for animals. In contrast, Tifton 85 and Jiggs released no HCN. Leaves were the part of the plant presenting the highest concentration of HCN. This is a defense mechanism that the plant develops against the ingestion by animals. This condition can cause great economic losses to farmers with the loss of animals and the need for prevention by using cultivars without HCN or hay, as 2.27% (28) of deaths diagnosed by the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory in the west of Santa Catarina, Brazil, were due to HCN poisoning. Notably, Florakirk cultivar was identified as the most dangerous cultivar tested, with higher levels compared with Tifton 68. The Star of Puerto Rico cultivar showed similar levels of HCN as Tifton 68. Both cultivars are commonly cultivated in many farms in the south of Brazil

Atendimento odontológico do paciente diabético

O Diabetes é uma doença caracterizada pela insuficiência relativa ou absoluta de Insulina em razão da sua baixa produção pelo pâncreas ou pela deficiência nos receptores insulínicos nas células beta-pancreáticas. O objetivo com este trabalho foi abordar os diferentes tipos de Diabetes e suas apresentações clínicas, bem como os diversos medicamentos utilizados no seu tratamento. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura com levantamento de informações em livros didáticos de Farmacologia e Ação Terapêutica e em artigos publicados na base de dados SciELO, incluindo 12 trabalhos de diferentes autores. O Diabetes é um grupo de doenças metabólicas caracterizadas por hiperglicemia associada a complicações, disfunções e insuficiência de vários órgãos. O Diabetes tipo I é mais frequente em crianças e jovens. As células β do pâncreas deixam de produzir insulina em decorrência de uma destruição, geralmente causada por um processo autoimune, podendo ser idiopática ou imunomediado (apresenta infiltrado de linfócitos T nas ilhotas e possui associação com o sistema humano de antígenos leucocitários). O Diabetes tipo II ocorre habitualmente na idade adulta e está associado ao excesso de peso e à vida sedentária. O portador do Diabetes tipo I deverá fazer o uso da insulina durante toda a sua vida, já no Diabetes tipo II o paciente utilizará Hipoglicemiantes Orais associados ou não à insulina. Os anti-inflamatórios mais indicados para pacientes diabéticos são benzidamina e diclofenaco. Em relação aos antibióticos, a prescrição deve ser feita nos tratamentos odontológicos que provocam bacteremia, em casos de infecções orais e antes de determinados procedimentos cirúrgicos invasivos. Os mais indicados são as penicilinas ou cefalosporinas, e em casos de pacientes alérgicos, a eritromicina. O cirurgião-dentista deve conhecer as alterações bucais e sistêmicas dos pacientes diabéticos. A posologia e tipos de medicamentos, entre eles antibióticos, analgésicos e tranquilizantes, deverão ser prescritos de acordo com cada caso e, principalmente, com sua gravidade.Palavras-chave: Diabetes. Hipoglicemiantes. Insulina. Odontologia

Tromboembolismo da veia cava caudal em bovinos no Sul do Brasil : aspectos clínicos e patológicos de 30 casos

Hemoptysis associated with respiratory disorders are some findings of caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) in cattle. Nevertheless, CVCT may be accompanied by a broad spectrum of clinical signs and gross lesions. This study reported the frequency of CVCT in cattle necropsied in Southern Brazil and described its clinical signs, as well as pathological findings. From a total of 1,976 postmortem examination reports in cattle in Southern Brazil, there were 30 cases (1.5%) of CVCT. In the clinical evaluation, the main clinical course was chronic (13/30), followed by peracute (7/30), acute (4/30), and subacute (5/30). Hemoptysis (17/30), dyspnea (8/30), and anorexia or hyporexia (7/30) were the most reported clinical signs. Septic thrombophlebitis of the caudal vena cava (24/30), hepatic abscesses (24/30), pulmonar hemorrhage (23/30), and embolic pneumonia (19/30) were the main lesions observed at the necropsy. We concluded that CVCT is a relevant cause of death in bovines from Santa Catarina state, mainly in adult dairy cows. The disease is characterized by a wide range of clinical signs and lesions, requiring attention from veterinarians for the correct diagnosis. Furthermore, the association between the clinical history, clinical signs, and lesions is essential for the diagnosis of CVCT in cattle.Hemoptise associada a sinais respiratórios são achados típicos de tromboembolismo da veia cava caudal (TVCC) em bovinos. Todavia, o TVCC pode estar acompanhado de um amplo espectro de sinais clínicos e lesões macroscópicas. Esse estudo tem por objetivo relatar a frequência do diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos necropsiados no sul do Brasil e descrever os sinais clínicos, assim como achados patológicos dessa condição. De um total de 1.976 exames post-mortem realizados em bovinos no Sul do Brasil, 30 casos de TVCC foram diagnosticados (1,5%). No exame clínico, o principal curso clínico observado foi crônico (13/30), seguido do hiperagudo (7/30), agudo (4/30) e subagudo (5/30), em um caso o histórico clínico não foi fornecido. Hemoptise (17/30), dispneia (8/30) e anorexia ou hiporexia (7/30) foram os sinais clínicos mais comumente relatados. Tromboflebite séptica da veia cava caudal (24/30), abscessos hepáticos (24/30), hemorragia pulmonar (23/30) e pneumonia embólica (19/30) foram as principais lesões observadas na necropsia. Com esse trabalho conclui-se que TVCC é uma causa relevante de morte em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina, principalmente em vacas leiteiras adultas. A doença é caracterizada por uma variedade de sinais clínicos e lesões, necessitando de atenção dos veterinários para o correto diagnóstico. Ainda, a associação entre o histórico clínico, sinais clínicos e lesões de necropsia é essencial para o diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos

Exigências Agroclimáticas para a Cultura do Feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

O conhecimento das exigências agroclimáticas das culturas é uma ferramenta que auxilia o planejamento agrícola, visando maior produtividade, rentabilidade e diminuição de perdas por fatores climáticos. Dentre os elementos climáticos que afetam o desenvolvimento da cultura do feijão, a temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica ganham maior destaque. O Brasil é o maior produtor e consumidor de feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) no mundo, destacando-se o Paraná como o estado com a maior produção. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é de reunir informações sobre as exigências agroclimáticas para a cultura do feijão, com base na bibliografia disponível