Se eu fosse você: espaços limiares de gênero e sexualidade

The body swap comedy is a privileged genre for investigating norms related to gender and sexuality in popular culture. This article explores these norms through the close analysis of the film Se eu fosse você (Daniel Filho, 2006), using Mikhail Bakhtin’s thesis on the carnivalesque and Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity. Despite the film’s overall strong conservative framework, it is argued that just as revealing as what the film tries to regulate is what it exposes: double standards, failures in the heteronormative matrix, and disruptive sex acts and gendered behavior.O subgênero da troca de corpos na comédia é um locus privilegiado para a investigação de normas relacionadas a gênero e sexualidade na cultura popular. O presente artigo explora essas normas através da análise fílmica de Se eu fosse você (Daniel Filho, 2006), utilizando como embasamento teórico o carnavalesco de Mikhail Bakhtin e a teoria da performatividade de Judith Butler. Apesar de apresentar uma estrutura altamente conservadora, tão importante quanto o que o filme tenta regular é o que ele expõe: padrões duplos, falhas na matriz heteronormativa, e atos sexuais e comportamentos de gênero disruptivos

DE PERNAS PRO AR: uma revolução confinada ao quarto

This article is an in-depth analysis of the cinematic elements of an immensely popular Globochanchada, De Pernas para o Ar (Roberto Santucci, 2011), in the light of feminist theories and Mikhail Bakhtin’s theorisation on the carnivalesque. The article aims at investigating the ways in which an emerging outcry for popular representation is used to co-opt socially progressive — including feminist — demands. The analysis reveals that, while the film may contain transgressive elements relative to women’s sexuality, it nevertheless relies on the same oppressive practices to which feminism has historically been opposed.Este artículo es un análisis detallado de los elementos cinematográficos de una Globochanchada inmensamente popular, De Pernas para o Ar (Roberto Santucci, 2011), a la luz de la teoría feminista y la teoría de Mikhail Bakhtin acerca lo carnavalesco. El artículo tiene como objetivo investigar la forma en que se utiliza una demanda creciente de representación popular para cooptar a las demandas sociales progressistas - incluyendo las feministas. El análisis revela que mientras que la película contiene elementos transgresores relacionados con la sexualidad de las mujeres, no obstante, hace uso de las mismas prácticas de opresión a las que el feminismo históricamente se opone. Palabras clave: género; carnavalesco; comedia; cine brasileño; Globochanchada.Este artigo é uma análise detalhada dos elementos cinemáticos de uma Globochanchada imensamente popular, De Pernas para o Ar (Roberto Santucci, 2011), à luz da teoria feminist e da teorização de Mikhail Bakhtin acerco do carnavalesco. O artigo tem como objetivo investigar o modo através do qual uma crescente demanda por representação popular é utilizada para cooptar demandas socialmente progressistas – incluindo as feministas. A análise revela que, enquanto o filme contém elementos transgressivos relacionados à sexualidade das mulheres, ele no entanto faz uso das mesmas práticas opressoras às quais o feminismo historicamente se opõe

Garotas e samba: gender and consumerism in the Vargas Era

ABSTRACT This article investigates the representation of gender and sexuality in the chanchadas through an in-depth cinematic analysis of Garotas e Samba (Carlos Manga, 1957). The film is here regarded as a means of elaborating new paradigms for both genders, with love and marriage as symbolic battleground for the power struggles between men and women. The analysis demonstrates that the rapid rise of a consumer culture has had repercussions on the construction of masculinity – with infantilised men as the result of the increasing demands on masculine models – and femininity, whose representation indicates an attempt to cope with the women’s emancipatory movement at the time as well as its debunkment of romantic love in favour of a money-driven, consumerist approach to love. Keywords: Gender; Sexuality; Consumerism; Brazilian Cinema; Chanchadas.   RESUMO Este artigo investiga a representação de gênero e sexualidade nas chanchadas através da análise cinematográfica do filme Garotas e Samba (Carlos Manga, 1957). O filme é aqui tratado como um meio de elaboração de paradigmas par ambos os gêneros, com conceitos como amor e casamento vistos como campo de disputa simbólica de poder entre homens e mulheres. A análise demonstra que a expansão rápida da cultura de consumo teve repercussões na construção da masculinidade – com homens infantilizados como resultado de demandas crescentes nos modelos de masculinidade – e feminilidade, cuja representação indica uma tentativa de lidar com o movimento emancipatório das mulheres à época. A análise também constata a desmistificação do amor romântico em favor de uma abordagem pragmática e consumista do amor. Palavras-chave: Gênero; Sexualidade; Consumo; Cinema brasileiro; Chanchadas.   RESUMEN Este artículo investiga la representación de género y la sexualidad en las chanchadas brasileñas por medio del análisis de la película Garotas e Samba (Carlos Manga, 1957). La película es tratada aquí como medio de paradigmas de desarrollo para ambos sexos, con conceptos como el amor y el matrimonio vistos como campo de disputa simbólica de poder entre hombres y mujeres. El análisis muestra que la rápida expansión de la cultura del consumo repercutió en la construcción de la masculinidad – con los hombres infantilizados como resultado de la creciente demanda en modelos de masculinidad – y de la feminidad, cuya representación indica un intento de tratar con el movimiento emancipador de las mujeres en el momento. El análisis también toma nota de la desmitificación del amor romántico a favor de un enfoque pragmático y consumista al amor. Palabras clave: Género; Sexualidad; Consumo; Cine brasileño; Chanchadas

Differential effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 on atherosclerosis and monocyte/macrophage invasion

AIMS: MMPs contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability, but the relative potency of their endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) as protective factors has not been defined. We therefore investigated the impact of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 knockout on atherosclerotic plaque burden and composition in apolipoprotein E-knockout (Apoe(−/−)) mice and studied the underlying effects on monocyte/macrophage behaviour. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis of brachiocephalic artery plaques revealed comparable atherosclerotic lesion areas between TIMP-1(−/−) Apoe(−/−) or TIMP-2(−/−) Apoe(−/−) double deficient mice and relevant age-matched, strain-matched Apoe(−/−) controls after 8 weeks of high-fat feeding. However, lesions from TIMP-2(−/−) Apoe(−/−) mice had higher levels of markers associated with plaque vulnerability, including increased macrophage: vascular smooth muscle cell ratios, larger necrotic core areas, reduced collagen contents, increased macrophage proliferation, and apoptosis frequencies, compared with TIMP-1(−/−)Apoe(−/−) and controls. In contrast, TIMP-1(−/−) Apoe(−/−) animals only had a significant reduction in vascular smooth muscle cell content compared with Apoe(−/−) controls. In vitro and in vivo findings implicated heightened monocyte/macrophage invasion in the detrimental effects observed on atherosclerotic plaque composition in TIMP-2(−/−) Apoe(−/−) mice. Moreover, TIMP-2 specifically decreased MMP-14-dependent monocyte/macrophage infiltration into sites of experimentally induced inflammation and established atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that TIMP-2 plays a greater protective role than TIMP-1 during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, in part by suppressing MMP-14-dependent monocyte/macrophage accumulation into plaques

Plaque size is decreased but M1 macrophage polarization and rupture related metalloproteinase expression are maintained after deleting T-bet in ApoE null mice

BACKGROUND:Thelper1 (Th1) lymphocytes have been previously implicated in atherosclerotic plaque growth but their role in plaque vulnerability to rupture is less clear. We investigated whether T-bet knockout that prevents Th1 lymphocyte differentiation modulates classical (M1) macrophage activation or production of matrix degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors, TIMPs. METHODS & RESULTS:We studied the effect of T-bet deletion in apolipoproteinE (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or normal chow diet (ND). Transcript levels of M1/M2 macrophage polarization markers, selected MMPs and TIMPs were measured by RT-qPCR in macrophages isolated from subcutaneous granulomas or in whole aortae. Immunohistochemistry of aortic sinus (AS) and brachiocephalic artery (BCA) plaques was conducted to quantify protein expression of the same factors. Deletion of T-bet decreased mRNA for the M1 marker NOS-2 in granuloma macrophages but levels of M2 markers (CD206, arginase-1 and Ym-1), MMPs-2, -9, -12, -13, -14 and -19 or TIMPs-1 to -3 were unchanged. No mRNA differences were observed in aortic extracts from mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks. Moreover, AS and BCA plaques were similarly sized between genotypes, and had similar areas stained for NOS-2, COX-2, MMP-12 and MMP-14 proteins. T-bet deletion increased MMP-13, MMP-14 and arginase-1 in AS plaques. After 35 weeks of ND, T-bet deletion reduced the size of AS and BCA plaques but there were no differences in the percentage areas stained for M1 or M2 markers, MMPs-12, -13, -14, or TIMP-3. CONCLUSIONS:Absence of Th1 lymphocytes is associated with reduced plaque size in ApoE knockout mice fed a normal but not high fat diet. In either case, M1 macrophage polarization and expression of several MMPs related to plaque instability are either maintained or increased

The contribution of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors to the development, progression, and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) account for up to 8% of deaths in men aged 65 years and over and 2.2% of women. Patients with AAAs often have atherosclerosis, and intimal atherosclerosis is generally present in AAAs. Accordingly, AAAs are considered a form of atherosclerosis and are frequently referred to as atherosclerotic aneurysms. Pathological observations advocate inflammatory cell infiltration alongside adverse extracellular matrix degradation as key contributing factors to the formation of human atherosclerotic AAAs. Therefore, macrophage production of proteolytic enzymes is deemed responsible for the damaging loss of ECM proteins, especially elastin and fibrillar collagens, which characterise AAA progression and rupture. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulation by tissue inhibitors metalloproteinases (TIMPs) can orchestrate not only ECM remodelling, but also moderate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of resident aortic cells, alongside the recruitment and subsequent behaviour of inflammatory cells. Accordingly, MMPs are thought to play a central regulatory role in the development, progression, and eventual rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Together, clinical and animal studies have shed light on the complex and often diverse effects MMPs and TIMPs impart during the development of AAAs. This dichotomy is underlined from evidence utilising broad-spectrum MMP inhibition in animal models and clinical trials which have failed to provide consistent protection from AAA progression, although more encouraging results have been observed through deployment of selective inhibitors. This review provides a summary of the supporting evidence connecting the contribution of individual MMPs to AAA development, progression, and eventual rupture. Topics discussed include structural, functional, and cell-specific diversity of MMP members; evidence from animal models of AAA and comparisons with findings in humans; the dual role of MMPs and the requirement to selectively target individual MMPs; and the advances in identifying aberrant MMP activity. As evidenced, our developing understanding of the multifaceted roles individual MMPs perform during the progression and rupture of AAAs, should motivate clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of selective MMP inhibitors, which could restrict AAA-related morbidity and mortality worldwide

Crystal structures of two mononuclear complexes of terbium(III) nitrate with the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane

Two new mononuclear cationic complexes in which the TbIII ion is bis-chelated by the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane (H3LEt, C6H14O3) were prepared from Tb(NO3)3·5H2O and had their crystal and mol­ecular structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis after data collection at 100 K. Both products were isolated in reasonable yields from the same reaction mixture by using different crystallization conditions. The higher-symmetry complex dinitratobis[1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane]­terbium(III) nitrate di­meth­oxy­ethane hemisolvate, [Tb(NO3)2(H3LEt)2]NO3·0.5C4H10O2, 1, in which the lanthanide ion is 10-coordinate and adopts an s-bicapped square-anti­prismatic coordination geometry, contains two bidentate nitrate ions bound to the metal atom; another nitrate ion functions as a counter-ion and a half-mol­ecule of di­meth­oxy­ethane (completed by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis) is also present. In product aqua­nitratobis[1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane]­terbium(III) dinitrate, [Tb(NO3)(H3LEt)2(H2O)](NO3)2, 2, one bidentate nitrate ion and one water mol­ecule are bound to the nine-coordinate terbium(III) centre, while two free nitrate ions contribute to charge balance outside the tricapped trigonal-prismatic coordination polyhedron. No free water mol­ecule was found in either of the crystal structures and, only in the case of 1, di­meth­oxy­ethane acts as a crystallizing solvent. In both mol­ecular structures, the two tripodal ligands are bent to one side of the coordination sphere, leaving room for the anionic and water ligands. In complex 2, the methyl group of one of the H3LEt ligands is disordered over two alternative orientations. Strong hydrogen bonds, both intra- and inter­molecular, are found in the crystal structures due to the number of different donor and acceptor groups present