Modeling and investigative studies of Jovian low frequency emissions

Jovian decametric (DAM) and hectometric (HOM) emissions were first observed over the entire spectrum by the Voyager 1 and 2 flybys of the planet. They display unusual arc-like structures on frequency-versus-time spectrograms. Software for the modeling of the Jovian plasma and magnetic field environment was performed. In addition, an extensive library of programs was developed for the retrieval of Voyager Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) data in both the high and low frequency bands from new noise-free, recalibrated data tapes. This software allows the option of retrieving data sorted with respect to particular sub-Io longitudes. This has proven to be invaluable in the analyses of the data. Graphics routines were also developed to display the data on color spectrograms

More Love and More Desire : A History of the Brazil Lesbian, Gay, and Transgendered Movement

For many LGBT activists, the 1969 Stonewall rebellion marked the beginning of a modern international liberation movement. Diffusing outward from New York, so the prevalent notion goes, homosexuals began to organize political movements to demand equal rights, inspired by the militancy of U.S. queers. According to this widely held idea, the emergence of gay and lesbian groups was slower in Third World countries because of authoritarian regimes, patriarchal social structures, and backward societies

Community-based DOTS and family member DOTS for TB control in Nepal: costs and cost-effectiveness

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Two TB control strategies appropriate for South Asia (a community-based DOTS [CBD] strategy and a family-based DOTS [FBD] strategy) have been shown to be effective in Nepal in meeting the global target for the proportion of registered patients successfully treated. Here we estimate the costs and cost-effectiveness of the two strategies. This information is essential to allow meaningful comparisons between these and other strategies and will contribute to the small but growing body of knowledge on the costs and cost-effectiveness of different approaches to TB control.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 2001–2, costs relating to TB diagnosis and care were collected for each strategy. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect costs from health facility records and a sample of 10 patients in each of 10 districts, 3 using CBD and 2 using FBD. The data collected included costs to the health care system and social costs (including opportunity costs) incurred by patients and their supervisors. The cost-effectiveness of each strategy was estimated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Total recurrent costs per patient using the CBD and FBD strategies were US$76.2 and US$84.1 respectively. The social costs incurred by patients and their supervisors represent more than a third of total recurrent costs under each strategy (37% and 35% respectively). The CBD strategy was more cost-effective than the FBD strategy: recurrent costs per successful treatment were US$91.8 and US$102.2 respectively.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Although the CBD strategy was more cost-effective than the FBD strategy in the study context, the estimates of cost-effectiveness were sensitive to relatively small changes in underlying costs and treatment outcomes. Even using these relatively patient-friendly approaches to DOTS, social costs can represent a significant financial burden for TB patients.</p

The effects of added mass on the dynamic motions of the head and trunk during running and walking

The addition of mass to the head has applications from the design of football helmets to the placement of loads on head mounted displays. Determining the effects of mass placed on the head ensures that the design of these systems can be optimized to reduce the effects on the user and to reduce the change of injury occurring.A testing protocol was developed to determine the effect of mass added to the head which causes changes to total mass, moment of inertia, and torque applied. This testing protocol asked subjects to walk and run on a treadmill with different helmets and masses attached to their heads which changed the moment of inertia and torque applied. Position, velocity, and acceleration sensors were attached to the head and trunk in order to determine how the positioning and dynamic motions of the head and trunk were affected.The results showed that the addition of mass to the head had very little effect on the positioning and dynamic motions of the head and trunk and there was no correlation between mass, moment of inertia, or torque applied and the positioning and dynamic motions exhibited by the subjects.M.S., Mechanical Engineering -- Drexel University, 200

The cost of helping: an exploration of compassionate responding in children

Children engage in prosocial behaviour from an early age. Whether children will reliably provide compassionate help to a suffering individual is unclear. To investigate this, 73 4-years-olds were presented with three novel tasks in which they and a puppet had opportunity to win stickers by completing respective versions of the same tasks. In all cases, the puppets were unable to complete their tasks. The puppets 'reacted' by being either upset or not upset. While children provided help when it did not cost them, their inclination to do so was significantly diminished when it incurred a personal cost. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Children are generally prosocial and altruistic. Personal cost can inhibit prosocial helping in children. What does this study add? We created two conditions (distress vs. no distress) and (cost vs. no cost) to examine the difference between prosocial and compassionate helping. We obtained first evidence that children will not respond compassionately when incurring a personal cost

In-flight radiometric calibration of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

A reflectance-based method was used to provide an analysis of the in-flight radiometric performance of AVIRIS. Field spectral reflectance measurements of the surface and extinction measurements of the atmosphere using solar radiation were used as input to atmospheric radiative transfer calculations. Five separate codes were used in the analysis. Four include multiple scattering, and the computed radiances from these for flight conditions were in good agreement. Code-generated radiances were compared with AVIRIS-predicted radiances based on two laboratory calibrations (pre- and post-season of flight) for a uniform highly reflecting natural dry lake target. For one spectrometer (C), the pre- and post-season calibration factors were found to give identical results, and to be in agreement with the atmospheric models that include multiple scattering. This positive result validates the field and laboratory calibration technique. Results for the other spectrometers (A, B and D) were widely at variance with the models no matter which calibration factors were used. Potential causes of these discrepancies are discussed