My name is... - When the children starts to learn English

Bacheloroppgave, grunnskolelærerutdanning, 2013Sammendrag: Temaet i denne bacheloroppgaven er begynneropplæring i engelsk, og hvorvidt det er hensiktsmessig å begynne med denne opplæringen allerede når elevene begynner på første trinn. Fokuset har vært på fordeler og ulemper ved å starte på første trinn med engelskopplæringen. I tillegg pekes det på hvilke grep som kan gjøres for å få en vellykket begynneropplæring i engelsk på første trinn. Teorikapitlet presenterer noe forskning som har blitt gjort fra før. I min egen forskning har jeg intervjuet tre lærere i barneskolen for å høre lærernes erfaringer direkte. Det viser seg at lærernes erfaringer stemmer godt overens med det som forskningen viser. Gjennom drøftingen kommer jeg frem til at det er flere fordeler ved å starte begynneropplæringen i engelsk på første trinn enn å vente med den.Summary: The theme in this assignment is elementary English education, and whether one should start teaching pupils English from the first grade or not. The focus has been on the advantages and disadvantages when learning English from the first grade. I will also look at what methods to use to get a successful elementary English education in the first grade. In the theory chapter I will present some science done by previous scientists. I interviewed three elementary school teachers for my own science to hear what they had experienced directly from them. I found that what they had experienced matched up to what other scientists have found. Through my discussion I have found more advantages than disadvantages with starting elementary English education in first grade. It therefore seems better to start in the first grade than to wait

Polarization Signals of Common Spacecraft Materials

This is the final report documenting the results of the polarization testing of near-planar objects with various reflectance properties. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the portion of the reflected signal which is polarized for materials commonly used in space applications. Tests were conducted on several samples, with surface characteristics ranging from highly reflective to relatively dark. The measurements were obtained by suspending the test object in a beam of collimated light. The amount of light falling on the sample was controlled by a circular aperture placed in the light field. The polarized reflectance at various phase angles was then measured. A nonlinear least squares fitting program was used for analysis. For the specular test objects, the reflected signals were measured in one degree increments near the specular point. Otherwise, measurements were taken every five degrees in phase angle. Generally, the more diffuse surfaces had lower polarized reflectances than their more specular counterparts. The reflected signals for the more diffuse surfaces were spread over a larger phase angle range, while the signals from the more specular samples were reflected almost entirely within five degrees of angular deviation from the specular point. The method used to test all the surfaces is presented. The results of this study will be used to support the NASA Orbital Debris Optical Signature Tests. These tests are intended to help better understand the reflectance properties of materials often used in space applications. This data will then be used to improve the capabilities for identification and tracking of space debris

ODERACS 2 White Spheres Optical Calibration Report

This report documents the status of the Orbital Debris Radar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS) 2 white spheres optical calibration study. The purpose of this study is to determine the spectral reflectivity and scattering characteristics in the visible wavelength region for the white spheres that were added to the project in the fall, 1994. Laboratory measurements were performed upon these objects and an analysis of the resulting data was conducted. These measurements are performed by illuminating the objects with a collimated beam of light and measuring the reflected light versus the phase angle. The phase angle is defined as the angle between the light source and the sensor, as viewed from the object. By measuring the reflected signal at the various phase angles, one is able to estimate the reflectance properties of the object. The methodology used in taking the measurements and reducing the data are presented. The results of this study will be used to support the calibration of ground-based optical instruments used in support of space debris research. Visible measurements will be made by the GEODDS, NASA and ILADOT telescopes

Influence of early life factors on social inequalities in psychiatric outcomes among young adult Norwegian men

Background: Social inequalities in health can to a substantial degree be explained by social causation. However, indirect selection by early life factors has been suggested. The main aim of this study was to estimate how much adult social gradients in selected psychiatric outcomes depended on parental and individual characteristics in early life. Methods: The population comprised all males born in Norway 1967–71 (n = 170 678). We compiled data on several social and biological variables from birth onwards from different national registers. Health outcomes were collected from the Cause of Death Register (suicide) and the Labour and Welfare Administration (psychiatric disability, psychiatric sickness absence). Indicator of socio-economic position was education level at the age of 28 years. Men were followed up between 4 and 9 years from the age of 29 years. Results: Crude rates per 100 000 person-years were 21.8 (suicide), 145.7 (disability) and 1164.7 (sickness absence). Social inequalities were strong and consistent for all outcomes. Parental and individual characteristics accounted for a substantial part of the social inequalities in neurosis or personality disorder disability (44.1%) and a moderate role for inequalities in psychiatric sickness absence (25.6%), schizophrenia disability (20.7%) and suicide (17.4%). General ability at the age of 18 years had strongest influence on the social health gradients. Suicide and schizophrenia disability were associated with a combination of high parental and low own education level. Conclusion: This study indicates that indirect selection explains a substantial part of social inequalities in certain psychiatric outcomes and that early life prevention is important to reduce health gradients