Molecular phylogenetics and new (infra)generic classification to alleviate polyphyly in tribe Hydrangeeae (Cornales : Hydrangeaceae)

Tribe Hydrangeeae of Hydrangeaceae currently contains nine morphologically diverse genera, many of which are well-known garden ornamentals. Previous studies have shown eight of these genera to be phylogenetically nested within Hydrangea, rendering the latter polyphyletic. To clarify the phylogeny of tribe Hydrangeeae, the present study sequenced four chloroplast regions and ITS for an extensive set of taxa, including the type for all nine genera involved. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses corroborate the polyphyly of Hydrangea. Since polyphyletic taxa are deemed unacceptable by both sides in the ongoing debate concerning the adherence to strict monophyly in biological classifications, a new (infra)generic classification for tribe Hydrangeeae is proposed. In order to create a stable, evolutionary informative classification a broader circumscription of the genus Hydrangea is proposed, to include all eight satellite genera of the tribe. Such treatment is considered highly preferable to an alternative where Hydrangea is to be split into several morphologically potentially unidentifiable genera. To facilitate the acceptance of the new classification proposed here, and in order to create a classification with high information content, the familiar generic names were maintained as section names where possible

A genome-scale mining strategy for recovering novel rapidly-evolving nuclear single-copy genes for addressing shallow-scale phylogenetics in Hydrangea

Background: Identifying orthologous molecular markers that potentially resolve relationships at and below species level has been a major challenge in molecular phylogenetics over the past decade. Non-coding regions of nuclear low-or single-copy markers are a vast and promising source of data providing information for shallow-scale phylogenetics. Taking advantage of public transcriptome data from the One Thousand Plant Project (1KP), we developed a genome-scale mining strategy for recovering potentially orthologous single-copy markers to address low-scale phylogenetics. Our marker design targeted the amplification of intron-rich nuclear single-copy regions from genomic DNA. As a case study we used Hydrangea section Cornidia, one of the most recently diverged lineages within Hydrangeaceae (Cornales), for comparing the performance of three of these nuclear markers to other "fast" evolving plastid markers. Results: Our data mining and filtering process retrieved 73 putative nuclear single-copy genes which are potentially useful for resolving phylogenetic relationships at a range of divergence depths within Cornales. The three assessed nuclear markers showed considerably more phylogenetic signal for shallow evolutionary depths than conventional plastid markers. Phylogenetic signal in plastid markers increased less markedly towards deeper evolutionary divergences. Potential phylogenetic noise introduced by nuclear markers was lower than their respective phylogenetic signal across all evolutionary depths. In contrast, plastid markers showed higher probabilities for introducing phylogenetic noise than signal at the deepest evolutionary divergences within the tribe Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae). Conclusions: While nuclear single-copy markers are highly informative for shallow evolutionary depths without introducing phylogenetic noise, plastid markers might be more appropriate for resolving deeper-level divergences such as the backbone relationships of the Hydrangeaceae family and deeper, at which non-coding parts of nuclear markers could potentially introduce noise due to elevated rates of evolution. The herein developed and demonstrated transcriptome based mining strategy has a great potential for the design of novel and highly informative nuclear markers for a range of plant groups and evolutionary scales

Plan de carrera y sucesión de puestos para la disminución de la rotación del personal en la pequeña empresa GRUPO WIRES de El Salvador, S.A. de C.V. ubicada en el municipio de San Salvador.

Ante la situación en la que se encontró en la empresa Grupo Wires de El Salvador, S. A. de C. V., donde se tenía un índice de rotación elevado, al no suplir sus necesidades de contar con una herramienta administrativa que proporcione motivación, crecimiento y continuidad de los colaboradores, la construcción de un Plan de Carrera y Sucesión, permite ser una solución a la disminución de la rotación del personal, específicamente en la línea de negocio de Distribución de Alimentos. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar los aspectos generales para elaborar un plan de carrera y sucesión profesional; así mismo proporcionar a la organización instrumentos que permitan favorecer la retención del personal clave, garantizar que se cubran las necesidades de los puestos y proporcionar a los colaboradores un desarrollo integro y profesional dentro de la empresa. Para tal efecto se desarrolló una investigación bibliográfica y de campo, utilizando el método científico y sus auxiliares: analítico y sintético. Las técnicas para recolectar información fueron: la entrevista de profundidad, realizada al Gerente General de la organización y la encuesta, en la cual participaron los 20 colaboradores de la institución. Los datos recolectados, tabulados y analizados, sirvieron de base para la elaboración de un diagnóstico que permitió determinar conclusiones y recomendaciones sustentadas, las cuales se mencionan a continuación: • Conclusiones: 1. La empresa no posee un manual y análisis de descripción de puestos formal, en el cual se detallen los requerimientos mínimos esenciales del perfil, que servirá de referencia para trazar las rutas y requisitos de los planes de carrera y sucesión. ii 2. La mayoría de los colaboradores están de acuerdo que la capacitación contribuye a la mejora de su desempeño y motivación, sin embargo, el 75% de ellos no ha tenido la oportunidad, por lo que están dispuestos a someterse a capacitaciones e inducciones que refuercen el conocimiento de la filosofía y estrategia de la empresa y crecimiento profesional en conjunto a los incentivos. 3. El entrevistado considera que un Plan de Carrera y Sucesión contribuirá al desarrollo de los colaboradores, ya que servirá como motivación para los mismos, logrando con ello la disminución de la rotación, cumplimiento de objetivos y mejoras en la atención al cliente. • Recomendaciones: 1. Para el diseño del Plan de Carrera y Sucesión, es necesario actualizar el Manual y Descriptores de Puestos, para determinar los requisitos de perfiles que se necesitan. 2. Proporcionar al personal antiguo y de nuevo ingreso un programa formal de capacitación e inducción, el cual incluya aspectos tales como: Misión y Visión de la Institución, Normas Internas, Valores de la Institución, Derechos, Responsabilidades, Estructura Organizativa, Prestaciones, Incentivos y Planes de Desarrollo como: Planes de Carrera y Sucesión. 3. Desarrollar el diseño e implementación de un Plan de Carrera y Sucesión que contribuya a que los colaboradores se desarrollen dentro de la empresa y disminuya la rotación de personal, el cual debe contener las rutas de carrera para cada puesto, puestos críticos a sustituir y los requisitos indispensables para moverse de una escala a otra

A pilot study applying the plant Anchored Hybrid Enrichment method to New World sages (Salvia subgenus Calosphace; Lamiaceae)

We conducted a pilot study using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment to resolve relationships among a mostly Neotropical sage lineage that may have undergone a recent evolutionary radiation. Conventional markers (ITS, trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) have not been able to resolve the relationships among species nor within portions of the backbone of the lineage. We sampled 12 representative species of subgenus Calosphace and included one species of Salvia´s s.l. closest relative, Lepechinia, as outgroup. Hybrid enrichment and sequencing were successful, yielding 448 alignments of individual loci with an average length of 704. bp. The performance of the phylogenomic data in phylogenetic reconstruction was superior to that of conventional markers, increasing both support and resolution. Because the captured loci vary in the amount of net phylogenetic informativeness at different phylogenetic depths, these data are promising in phylogenetic reconstruction of this group and likely other lineages within Lamiales. However, special attention should be placed on the amount of phylogenetic noise that the data could potentially contain. A prior exploration step using phylogenetic informativeness profiles to detect loci with sites with disproportionately high substitution rates (showing "phantom" spikes) and, if required, the ensuing filtering of the problematic data is recommended. In our dataset, filtering resulted in increased support and resolution for the shallow nodes in maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees resulting from concatenated analyses of all the loci. Additionally, it is expected that an increase in sampling (loci and taxa) will aid in resolving weakly supported, short deep internal branches.Fil: Fragoso Martínez, Itzi. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México. Institute Of Biology Of Unam;Fil: Salazar, Gerardo A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Martínez Gordillo, Martha. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Magallón, Susana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Sánchez-Reyes, Luna. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Moriarty Lemmon, Emily. Florida State University; Estados UnidosFil: Lemmon, Alan R.. Florida State University; Estados UnidosFil: Sazatornil, Federico David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Granados Mendoza, Carolina. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

The archaeological site Retes (C-378 Re), an exceptional find in the flank of the Irazú volcano during the Cartago phase (ca. A. D. ~1080): Geological, geographical, chronological and cultural contextualization

Por primera vez se le asigna una ubicación más precisa y contexto geoarqueológico moderno al sitio Retes (C-378 Re), localizado a una altitud de 2683 m s.n.m. y asociado a la fase Cartago (800- 1500 d. C.) de la secuencia cultural del Valle Central, cuyo único resultado de radiocarbono convencional disponible hasta el momento proviene de un objeto de madera con una edad calibrada de 995-1006 (1δ) d. C. En la muestra arqueológica sobresalen los artefactos líticos por su predominancia constituidos de rocas volcánicas, así como los objetos únicos y extraordinarios elaborados en madera. En estos artefactos se describió algunas de sus particularidades y se exploró las posibles fuentes de materia prima que, en el caso de la lítica, al parecer podrían provenir de los terrenos volcánicos cerca de Tierra Blanca y del cerro Alto Grande de Cartago, a una distancia de 850 m a 10 km del sitio Retes, respectivamente. Mientras que una de las maderas modificadas para elaborar los artefactos, como el cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa), provendría de los pisos altitudinales bajos a moderados (0-1000 m s.n.m, es decir basal a premontano) del Pacífico Central y del norte del país; igualmente sobresale el Hesperomeles obtusifolia, utilizado en Sudamérica con fines medicinales. Con base en diferentes líneas de evidencia arqueológica, como las características, abundancia y distribuciones de los materiales del sitio Retes, sugieren una función ceremonial o ritual. Sin embargo, se requiere de más investigación para postular si corresponde con un sector relevancia prehispánica particular, en estas poblaciones de tierras altas de Cartago, como ruta adicional de paso hacia y desde el Caribe.For the first time, a more accurate location and modern geoarcheological context to the Retes Site (C-378 Re) is assigned. Located at an altitude of 2683 m a.s.l. and associated with the Cartago phase (A. D. 800-1500) of the Valle Central cultural sequence, in which, the only radiocarbon result available so far comes from a wooden object with a calibrated age of A. D. 995-1006 (1δ). The lithic artifacts stand out for their predominance, made from volcanic rocks, as well as the unique and extraordinary objects made of wood. Here, some of their particularities are described and the possible sources of raw material are explored. In the case of lithic artifacts, they apparently come from volcanic rocks near Tierra Blanca and the Alto Grande hill, at 0.85 km and 10 km, respectively, from the Retes site. While one of the woods modified to make the artifacts, such as cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa), would have come from the low to moderate altitude floors (0-1000 m a.s.l, i.e., basal to premontane) of the Central Pacific and the north of the country. The Hesperomeles obtusifolia, used in South America for medicinal purposes, also stands out. Based on different lines of archaeological evidence, such as the characteristics, abundance, and distributions of the materials of the Retes site, they suggest a ceremonial or ritual function. However, more research is required, to postulate whether it corresponds to a particular pre-Hispanic relevance sector, in these highland populations of Cartago, as an additional route to and from the Caribbean.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Geológicas (CICG)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas (CIAN)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Geografí

Impacto de la aplicabilidad del programa presidencial una niña, un niño, una computadora, en los niveles de primero y segundo ciclo de educación básica; de la zona rural y urbana del municipio de San Miguel, durante el periodo febrero-agosto del año 2019

RESUMEN: Con la implementación del Programa Presidencial “Una Niña, Un Niño, Una Computadora” en el Sistema Educativo Público Salvadoreño, se pretende favorecer la disminución de las brechas digitales y promover la igualdad de oportunidades en cuanto al acceso y uso intensivo y creativo de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), a través de la entrega de dispositivos informáticos. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el impacto de la aplicabilidad del Programa Presidencial: Una Niña, Un Niño Una Computadora, en los niveles de Primer y Segundo Ciclo de Educación Básica de la Zona Rural y Urbana del Municipio de San Miguel, a través de una metodología cualitativa, que permita la recolección de información precisa y confiable por medio de la aplicación de diversos instrumentos, a cuatro actores educativos los cuales se detallan a continuación: Director, docentes, estudiantes, padres y madres de familia ABSTRACT: With the implementation of the Presidential Program "One Girl, One Boy, One Computer" in the Salvadoran Public Educational System, it is intended to favor the reduction of digital gaps and promote equal opportunities in terms of access and intensive and creative use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), through the delivery of computing devices. The objective of this research is to know the impact of the applicability of the Program Presidential: One Girl, One Boy One Computer, at the First and Second levels Basic Education Cycle of the Rural and Urban Zone of the Municipality of San Miguel, to through a qualitative methodology, which allows the collection of accurate information and reliable through the application of various instruments, to four educational actors which are detailed below: Director, teachers, students, fathers and mothers of famil

Helicobacter pylori Genotyping from American Indigenous Groups Shows Novel Amerindian vacA and cagA Alleles and Asian, African and European Admixture

It is valuable to extend genotyping studies of Helicobacter pylori to strains from indigenous communities across the world to better define adaption, evolution, and associated diseases. We aimed to genetically characterize both human individuals and their infecting H. pylori from indigenous communities of Mexico, and to compare them with those from other human groups. We studied individuals from three indigenous groups, Tarahumaras from the North, Huichols from the West and Nahuas from the center of Mexico. Volunteers were sampled at their community site, DNA was isolated from white blood cells and mtDNA, Y-chromosome, and STR alleles were studied. H. pylori was cultured from gastric juice, and DNA extracted for genotyping of virulence and housekeeping genes. We found Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, and D), Y-chromosome DYS19T, and Amerindian STRs alleles frequent in the three groups, confirming Amerindian ancestry in these Mexican groups. Concerning H.pylori cagA phylogenetic analyses, although most isolates were of the Western type, a new Amerindian cluster neither Western nor Asian, was formed by some indigenous Mexican, Colombian, Peruvian and Venezuelan isolates. Similarly, vacA phylogenetic analyses showed the existence of a novel Amerindian type in isolates from Alaska, Mexico and Colombia. With hspA strains from Mexico and other American groups clustered within the three major groups, Asian, African or European. Genotyping of housekeeping genes confirmed that Mexican strains formed a novel Asian-related Amerindian group together with strains from remote Amazon Aborigines. This study shows that Mexican indigenous people with Amerindian markers are colonized with H. pylori showing admixture of Asian, European and African strains in genes known to interact with the gastric mucosa. We present evidence of novel Amerindian cagA and vacA alleles in indigenous groups of North and South America

New plastome structural rearrangements discovered in core Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) support recently adopted taxonomy

Full plastome sequences for land plants have become readily accessible thanks to the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques and powerful bioinformatic tools. Despite this vast amount of genomic data, some lineages remain understudied. Full plastome sequences from the highly diverse (>1,500 spp.) subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae, Poales) have been published for only three (i.e., Guzmania, Tillandsia, and Vriesea) out of 22 currently recognized genera. Here, we focus on core Tillandsioideae, a clade within subfamily Tillandsioideae, and explore the contribution of individual plastid markers and data categories to inform deep divergences of a plastome phylogeny. We generated 37 high quality plastome assemblies and performed a comparative analysis in terms of plastome structure, size, gene content and order, GC content, as well as number and type of repeat motifs. Using the obtained phylogenetic context, we reconstructed the evolution of these plastome attributes and assessed if significant shifts on the evolutionary traits’ rates have occurred in the evolution of the core Tillandsioideae. Our results agree with previously published phylogenetic hypotheses based on plastid data, providing stronger statistical support for some recalcitrant nodes. However, phylogenetic discordance with previously published nuclear marker-based hypotheses was found. Several plastid markers that have been consistently used to address phylogenetic relationships within Tillandsioideae were highly informative for the retrieved plastome phylogeny and further loci are here identified as promising additional markers for future studies. New lineage-specific plastome rearrangements were found to support recently adopted taxonomic groups, including large inversions, as well as expansions and contractions of the inverted repeats. Evolutionary trait rate shifts associated with changes in size and GC content of the plastome regions were found across the phylogeny of core Tillandsioideae.Fil: Vera Paz, Sandra I.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Díaz Contreras Díaz, Daniel D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Jost, Matthias. No especifíca;Fil: Wanke, Stefan. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Rossado, Andrés J.. Universidad de la Republica; UruguayFil: Hernández Gutiérrez, Rebeca. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Salazar, Gerardo A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Magallón, Susana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Gouda, Eric J.. Utrecht University; Países Bajos. University of Utrecht; Países BajosFil: Ramírez Morillo, Ivón M.. No especifíca;Fil: Donadío, Sabina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Granados Mendoza, Carolina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

Las redes como dispositivos para la gestión educativa en Iberoamérica

La presente aportación se focaliza en cómo el trabajo en red puede ayudar a mejorar la organización y gestión de los centros educativos. Presenta referentes normativos pero también identifica redes centradas en la gestión y pone ejemplos de alguna de ellas. Recoge las aportaciones de 36 especialistas, que han elaborado los informes de 11 países iberoamericanos