Spatio-temporal interpolation of daily temperatures for global land areas at 1 km resolution

Combined Global Surface Summary of Day and European Climate Assessment and Dataset daily meteorological data sets (around 9000 stations) were used to build spatio-temporal geostatistical models and predict daily air temperature at ground resolution of 1km for the global land mass. Predictions in space and time were made for the mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures using spatio-temporal regression-kriging with a time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8 day images, topographic layers (digital elevation model and topographic wetness index), and a geometric temperature trend as covariates. The accuracy of predicting daily temperatures was assessed using leave-one-out cross validation. To account for geographical point clustering of station data and get a more representative cross-validation accuracy, predicted values were aggregated to blocks of land of size 500x500km. Results show that the average accuracy for predicting mean, maximum, and minimum daily temperatures is root-mean-square error (RMSE) =2 degrees C for areas densely covered with stations and between 2 degrees C and 4 degrees C for areas with lower station density. The lowest prediction accuracy was observed at high altitudes (>1000m) and in Antarctica with an RMSE around 6 degrees C. The model and predictions were built for the year 2011 only, but the same methodology could be extended for the whole range of the MODIS land surface temperature images (2001 to today), i.e., to produce global archives of daily temperatures (a next-generation repository) and to feed various global environmental models. Key Points Global spatio-temporal regression-kriging daily temperature interpolation Fitting of global spatio-temporal models for the mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures Time series of MODIS 8 day images as explanatory variables in regression par

Cyclical and dose-dependent responses of adult human mature oligodendrocytes to fingolimod

Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analogue that has been used in clinical trials as a systemic immunomodulatory therapy for multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod readily accesses the central nervous system, raising the issue of its direct effects on neural cells. We assessed the effects of active fingolimod on dissociated cultures of mature, myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLGs) derived from adult human brain. Human OLGs express S1P receptor transcripts in relative abundance of S1P5>S1P3>S1P1, with undetectable levels of S1P4. Low doses of fingolimod (100 pmol/L to 1 nmol/L) induced initial membrane elaboration (2 days), subsequent retraction (4 days), and recurrence of extension with prolonged treatment (8 days). Higher doses (10 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L) caused the opposite modulation of membrane dynamics. Retraction was rescued by co-treatment with the S1P3/S1P5 pathway antagonist, suramin, and was associated with RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal signaling. Membrane elaboration was mimicked using the S1P1 agonist SEW2871. Fingolimod rescued human OLGs from serum and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis, which was reversed with suramin co-treatment and mimicked using an S1P5 agonist. High doses of fingolimod induced an initial down-regulation of S1P5 mRNA levels relative to control (4 hours), subsequent up-regulation (2 days), and recurrent down-regulation (8 days). S1P1 mRNA levels were inversely regulated compared with S1P5. These results indicate that fingolimod modulates maturity- and species-specific OLG membrane dynamics and survival responses that are directly relevant for myelin integrity

Fixing simple olecranon fractures with the Olecranon Osteotomy Nail (OleON)

OBJECTIVE: Stable fixation of simple olecranon fractures or olecranon osteotomies in order to allow early functional treatment. INDICATIONS: Simple (non-comminuted) olecranon fractures and (Chevron) osteotomies of the olecranon. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Comminuted fractures and fractures more than 40 mm distal than the tip of the olecranon are contraindications. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Using a slightly curved posterior approach, the fracture is anatomically reduced. The fracture is temporary stabilized using K-wires. A guiding K-wire is positioned centrally in the medullary canal in the lateral projection. The medullary canal is reamed over the K-wire. The distal part of the nail is inserted and locked. The proximal part is inserted and screwed onto the distal part to compress the fracture. For osteotomies, the distal part is inserted and locked (using the same technique as described before) prior to performing the osteotomy. At the end of the surgery, the osteotomy is reduced, the proximal part is inserted, and the osteotomy is compressed. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: As the stability of this compressive osteosynthesis is very high, early post-operative mobilization is allowed. No immobilization is used. Depending on the soft tissue situation, active range of motion and passive stretching is initiated immediately postoperatively. RESULTS: Using this technique in 21 patients (mean age 42 years) with acute fractures or osteotomies, sound fracture healing was achieved in 19 of 21 patients. The active range of motion was 130.2° flexion, 10.6° extension deficit, and a normal pro-supination arch. In one patient, delayed union caused implant failure. In this patient, a surgical error jeopardized stability. In a second patient, a peri-implant fracture after adequate trauma made a change in therapy necessary.status: publishe