On Lie induction and the exceptional series

Lie bialgebras occur as the principal objects in the infinitesimalization of the theory of quantum groups — the semi-classical theory. Their relationship with the quantum theory has made available some new tools that we can apply to classical questions. In this paper, we study the simple complex Lie algebras using the double-bosonization construction of Majid. This construction expresses algebraically the induction process given by adding and removing nodes in Dynkin diagrams, which we call Lie induction. We first analyze the deletion of nodes, corresponding to the restriction of adjoint representations to subalgebras. This uses a natural grading associated to each node. We give explicit calculations of the module and algebra structures in the case of the deletion of a single node from the Dynkin diagram for a simple Lie (bi-)algebra. We next consider the inverse process, namely that of adding nodes, and give some necessary conditions for the simplicity of the induced algebra. Finally, we apply these to the exceptional series of simple Lie algebras, in the context of finding obstructions to the existence of finite-dimensional simple complex algebras of types E9, F5 and G3. In particular, our methods give a new point of view on why there cannot exist such an algebra of type E9

Graded cluster algebras

In the cluster algebra literature, the notion of a graded cluster algebra has been implicit since the origin of the subject. In this work, we wish to bring this aspect of cluster algebra theory to the foreground and promote its study. We transfer a definition of Gekhtman, Shapiro and Vainshtein to the algebraic setting, yielding the notion of a multi-graded cluster algebra. We then study gradings for finite type cluster algebras without coefficients, giving a full classification. Translating the definition suitably again, we obtain a notion of multi-grading for (generalised) cluster categories. This setting allows us to prove additional properties of graded cluster algebras in a wider range of cases. We also obtain interesting combinatorics---namely tropical frieze patterns---on the Auslander--Reiten quivers of the categories.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures. v2: Substantially revised with additional results. New section on graded (generalised) cluster categories. v3: added Prop. 5.5 on relationship with Grothendieck group of cluster categor

Automorphism groupoids in noncommutative projective geometry

We address a natural question in noncommutative geometry, namely the rigidity observed in many examples, whereby noncommutative spaces (or equivalently their coordinate algebras) have very few automorphisms by comparison with their commutative counterparts. In the framework of noncommutative projective geometry, we define a groupoid whose objects are noncommutative projective spaces of a given dimension and whose morphisms correspond to isomorphisms of these. This groupoid is then a natural generalization of an automorphism group. Using work of Zhang, we may translate this structure to the algebraic side, wherein we consider homogeneous coordinate algebras of noncommutative projective spaces. The morphisms in our groupoid precisely correspond to the existence of a Zhang twist relating the two coordinate algebras. We analyse this automorphism groupoid, showing that in dimension 1 it is connected, so that every noncommutative $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ is isomorphic to commutative $\mathbb{P}^{1}$. For dimension 2 and above, we use the geometry of the point scheme, as introduced by Artin-Tate-Van den Bergh, to relate morphisms in our groupoid to certain automorphisms of the point scheme. We apply our results to two important examples, quantum projective spaces and Sklyanin algebras. In both cases, we are able to use the geometry of the point schemes to fully describe the corresponding component of the automorphism groupoid. This provides a concrete description of the collection of Zhang twists of these algebras.Comment: 27 pages; v2: minor corrections and additional reference

Graded Frobenius cluster categories

Recently the first author studied multi-gradings for generalised cluster categories, these being 2-Calabi-Yau triangulated categories with a choice of cluster-tilting object. The grading on the category corresponds to a grading on the cluster algebra without coefficients categorified by the cluster category and hence knowledge of one of these structures can help us study the other. In this work, we extend the above to certain Frobenius categories that categorify cluster algebras with coefficients. We interpret the grading K-theoretically and prove similar results to the triangulated case, in particular obtaining that degrees are additive on exact sequences. We show that the categories of Buan, Iyama, Reiten and Scott, some of which were used by Geiss, Leclerc and Schroer to categorify cells in partial flag varieties, and those of Jensen, King and Su, categorifying Grassmannians, are examples of graded Frobenius cluster categories

Graded Frobenius cluster categories

Recently the first author studied multi-gradings for generalised cluster categories, these being 2-Calabi-Yau triangulated categories with a choice of cluster-tilting object. The grading on the category corresponds to a grading on the cluster algebra without coefficients categorified by the cluster category and hence knowledge of one of these structures can help us study the other. In this work, we extend the above to certain Frobenius categories that categorify cluster algebras with coefficients. We interpret the grading K-theoretically and prove similar results to the triangulated case, in particular obtaining that degrees are additive on exact sequences. We show that the categories of Buan, Iyama, Reiten and Scott, some of which were used by Geiss, Leclerc and Schroer to categorify cells in partial flag varieties, and those of Jensen, King and Su, categorifying Grassmannians, are examples of graded Frobenius cluster categories

Die Leichenschau im Stadtgebiet von Münster vor und nach Einführung des Bestattungsgesetzes

Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung wurden für die Stadt Münster 4.630 Leichenscheine für das Kalenderjahr 2003 und das erste Halbjahr 2004 erfasst und ausgewertet. Besonderes Interesse galt den leichenschauenden Notärzten, welche durch die Änderung des Bestattungsgesetzes vom 17. Juni 2003 von der Leichenschau befreit wurden. Die ermittelten Daten wurden mit den Ergebnissen der parallel zu dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Studien in den Kreisen Steinfurt und Lippe verglichen. Die Gesetze zur Durchführung der Leichenschau in den deutschen Bundesländern wurden ausgewertet und in tabellarischer Form vergleichend dargestellt. Es konnte der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass die im Rettungsdienst tätigen Notärzte die Leichenschau seltener als bisher durchführten, was einem Rückgang von 18,9 Prozent entspricht. Gleichzeitig ist ein Rückgang der meldepflichtigen „unklaren“ und „nicht natürlichen“ Todesfälle von 18,5 Prozent bzw. 5,6 Prozent nachzuweisen