Liberal arts catch-up revisited

This paper replicates the work of Giles and Drewes from the 1990s. They showed a catch-up effect whereby graduates of liberal arts undergraduate programs, although at an early-career disadvantage compared with graduates of applied programs, had higher incomes by mid-career. Working with the Panel 5 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (2005–2010), the catch-up no longer exists.  Cet article reproduit le travail de Giles et Drewes effectué pendant les années 1990. Ces chercheurs avaient révélé un effet de rattrapage grâce auquel les diplômés de programmes d’études en arts libéraux, malgré un désavantage en début de carrière par rapport aux diplômés de programmes d’études appliquées, finissaient par avoir des revenus plus élevés vers le milieu de leurs carrières. Selon les données de l’échantillon 5 de l’Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu (2005-2010), ce rattrapage n’existe plus

Trends in the Socioeconomic Achievement of the University Educated: A Status Attainment Model Interpretation

The paper examines the contribution the sociologist's status attainment model makes towards comprehending reasons for the decline, since the mid 1960's, in the economic prospects of university graduates. The assumptions of the model are compared with those underlying an economist's labour market approach, in which explanations are phrased in terms of aggregate demand and supply for the university educated. Tested in the paper is the hypothesis that decline in background endowments among university graduates, a consequence of the policy commitment to democratize access to Canadian universities, accounts for some of the downward trend in the level of job obtained by graduates entering the labour market. The statistical analysis uses data from Ontario and Canada-wide surveys, and finds that changes in father's mean status explain only a small part of the drop in son's first job status. Th e mod el suggests that deterioration in univer- sity completion rates can account for more of the decline.Le travail examine la contribution que le modèle de l'accession au rang social fournit par le déclin des perspectives économiques des diplômés universitaires dès la moitié des années 60. On compare les hypothèses du modèle avac celles qui servent de base aux économistes pour l'étude du marché de travail, dans laquelle les explications sont formulées en terme d'offre et demande collective des universitaires. On test l'hypothèse selon laquelle là baisse du niveau général des universitaires, conséquence de la politique adoptée de démocratisation de l'accès aux études universitaires au Canada, explique une certaine tendance à la baisse du niveau de travail obtenu par les diplômés qui s'introduisent sur le marché de travail. L'analyse statistique emploie des données obtenues en Ontario et partout au Canada et conclut que des changements dans le statut moyen du père n 'explique qu 'en partie la baisse de niveau du premier emploi du fils. Le modèle suggère que la détérioration des études universitaires menées à bien explique davantage ce déclin

The Eroding Standards Issue: A Case Study from the University of Waterloo

The proposition is addressed that the mathematical skills of first year entrants into the Faculties of Mathematics, Engineering, Science and Applied Health Sciences at The University of Waterloo have declined. Analysis of a series of scores from a mathematics diagnostic test for new students suggests a decline over the period 1991-93 and possibly through to 1995. This reproduces a trend detected at The University of Western Ontario. By the mid-1990s, however, the scores level out. Many of the faculty members questioned in a survey also perceived a decline, and, independently of the time series data, informants pointed to the early 1990s as the critical period of decline. The feeling of being under pressure to adjust to declining standards by upward "belling" of grades varied greatly by faculty, being far more prevalent within the Faculty of Mathematics than in other faculties surveyed. The survey respondents claimed that most deficiencies in mathematics preparation in the high schools were remediable by working to alter the attitudes and expecta- tions of first year university students.Cet article révélé une baisse du niveau de connaissances en mathématiques des étudiants de première année des Facultés de mathématiques, ingéniérie, sciences et sciences appliquées de la santé à l'Université de Waterloo. L'analyse d'une série de notes issue d'un test diagnostique en mathématiques destiné aux nouveaux étudiants semble indiquer un déclin portant sur la période 1991-93, voire jusqu'en 1995. C'est la reproduction d'une tendance détectée à l'University of Western Ontario. Toutefois, au milieu des années 90, les notes se nivélent. Bon nombre de membres des facultés sondées ont également perçu un déclin et, indépendamment des données chronologiques, ils situent le début des années 90 comme la période critique du déclin. La pression liée à la nécessité de s'adapter au niveau de connaissances à la baisse en gonflant les notes a varié de façon importante d'une faculté à l'autre et a été beaucoup plus fortement ressentie dans celle de math matiques que dans les autres facultés interrogées. Les personnes sondées déclarent qu'il est possible de remédier à la plupart des lacunes dans la préparation des mathématiques au collège en s'appliquant modifier les attitudes et les attentes des étudiants en première année à l'université

The Growth of the Canadian Education System: An Analysis of Transition Probabilities

Canada is shown, in a comparison with 23 other industrialized nations, to have distinctively low rates of school attendance from age seventeen onwards. Closely comparable data from a Canadian and an American national survey make a detailed comparison of the two nations possible. There has been a strong trend towards virtually universal completion of grade and high school in the U.S. Canada has followed this trend at the lower levels, but retains a low rate of secondary school completion. Rates of attending post-secondary and post-graduate training show little trend in either country. The "transition probability" analysis, in which each level of schooling is examined separately, is further pursued in an assessment of the effects of social background factors, called "ascription," upon progress through the system. Background factors are found to have generally weaker effects upon higher levels of education in Canada, as in the U.S. They are especially weak at the crucial point, the completion of high school, showing that social background is not a significant element in the creation of Canada's high rates of dropping out of high school. The overall effects of background seem higher in Canada, and especially so for females.Si l'on compare le Canada à vingt-trois autres pays industrialisés, on remarque que celui-ci a un taux particulièrement bas de jeunes qui fréquentent l'école après dix-sept ans. On a pu comparer de façon précise la situation du Canada et celle des États-Unis, grâce à des sondages organisés à l'échelle nationale dans les deux pays, sondages dont les données étaient très semblables. On a ainsi pu constater qu'aux Etats-Unis, il semblait de plus en plus fréquent que tous les élèves, ou presque, finissent l'école secondaire tandis qu'au Canada, cette tendance n'apparaissait qu'à un niveau inférieur, le nombre d'élèves capables d'aller jusqu'au bout de leurs études secondaires restant très faible. Quant à l'inscription dans des établissements postsecondaires ou dans des centres professionnels, elle ne semble indiquer aucune tendance particulière dans les deux pays. L'analyse de « transition-probabilité », pour laquelle on a considéré chaque niveau d'enseigne-ment séparément, est complétée ici par une évaluation des effets du milieu social, ou « ascription », sur la progression dans le système. Les facteurs sociaux semblent avoir des effets moindres dans les classes les plus élevées de l'école secondaire, au Canada comme aux Etats-Unis. Or, s'ils sont particulièrement faibles à ce moment crucial, en fin d'études secondaires, cela montre que le milieu social n'est pas un facteur qui contribue à déterminer de façon significative le taux élevé d'abandon dans les écoles secondaires du Canada. Malgré tout, le milieu semble jouer un rôle plus marqué au Canada qu'aux États-Unis, surtout pour les femmes

Integrating Exchange and Heuristic Theories of Survey Nonresponse*

L’intégration des théories d’échanges et des théories heuristiques de la non-réponse dans les enquêtes : Depuis dix ans, on constate un intérêt croissant dans la théorisation de la non-réponse dans les enquêtes: Des chercheurs tels que Dillman, Groves et Couper ont construit pour tous les domaines des sciences sociales des schémas conceptuels pour expliquer pourquoi des gens acceptent ou refusent de participer à des enquêtes. Mais l’approfondissement conceptuel est source de complexification et de confusion. En débutant avec l’analyse de l’usage actuel, dans des articles sur la non-réponse dans plusieurs revues reconnues, des relations entre la théorie des échanges et la théorie des heuristiques psychologiques en faveur de la participation, nous construisons un schéma conceptuel à deux dimensions. Basé sur des travaux de Groves et Couper, une dimension est définie comme « l'importance de la prise de décision ». Ceci aide à situer l’interprétation heuristique des décisions de participer. La seconde dimension, appelée « force des facteurs culturels », clarifie les variétés différentes de la théorie des échanges qui examinent la décision de participer. De ce point de vue, il devient clair qu’une source de confusion dans la théorisation de la non-réponse est l'hétérogénéité des approches rassemblées sous le nom « d'échanges sociaux ». Au niveau le plus général, les échanges sociaux forment l’arrière plan de la plupart des théorisations de la non-réponse, mais une fois définis plus spécifiquement, il est possible de les emboîter dans l’une ou l’autre des cases d'un tableau à deux dimensions.Interest in theorizing about survey nonresponse has accelerated over the past decade. Scholars such as Dillman, Groves and Couper have drawn from across the social sciences to extract conceptual schemes for why people decide to accept or decline requests for surveys. With the conceptual enrichment, however, has come complexity and some confusion. Beginning with analysis of current usage in articles on survey nonresponse in leading journals, the relationship between social exchange theory and the theory of psychological heuristics for compliance is examined using a two-dimensional conceptual scheme. Building on work by Groves and Couper, one dimension is defined as "amount of decision-making." This helps locate the heuristic interpretation of response decisions. The second dimension, termed "strength of cultural factors," clarifies the different varieties of social exchange theory that pertain to response behaviour. Viewed thus, it becomes clear that one source of confusion in theorizing about survey nonresponse is the heterogeneity of the various approaches which gather under the umbrella term "social exchange." At the most general level, social exchange is the background landscape behind most theorizing about survey nonresponse, but once defined more specifically a fit into one or another quadrant within the two-dimensional conceptual scheme becomes possible

Screening for type 2 diabetes : literature review and economic modelling

Objectives: To reconsider the aims of screening for undiagnosed diabetes, and whether screening should be for other abnormalities of glucose metabolism such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or the ‘metabolic syndrome’. Also to update the previous review for the National Screening Committee (NSC) on screening for diabetes, including reviewing choice of screening test; to consider what measures would be taken if IGT and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were identified by screening, and in particular to examine evidence on treatment to prevent progression to diabetes in these groups; to examine the cost-effectiveness of screening; and to consider groups at higher risk at which screening might be targeted. Data sources: Electronic databases were searched up to the end of June 2005. Review methods: Literature searches and review concentrated on evidence published since the last review of screening, both reviews and primary studies. The review of economic studies included only those models that covered screening. The new modelling extended an existing diabetes treatment model by developing a screening module. The NSC has a set of criteria, which it applies to new screening proposals. These criteria cover the condition, the screening test or tests, treatment and the screening programme. Screening for diabetes was considered using these criteria. Results: Detection of lesser degrees of glucose intolerance such as IGT is worthwhile, partly because the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be reduced by treatment aimed at reducing cholesterol level and blood pressure, and partly because some diabetes can be prevented. Several trials have shown that both lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment can reduce the proportion of people with IGT who would otherwise develop diabetes. Screening could be two-stage, starting with the selection of people at higher risk. The second-stage choice of test for blood glucose remains a problem, as in the last review for NSC. The best test is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), but it is the most expensive, is inconvenient and has weak reproducibility. Fasting plasma glucose would miss people with IGT. Glycatedhaemoglobin does not require fasting, and may be the best compromise. It may be that more people would be tested and diagnosed if the more convenient test was used, rather than the OGTT. Five economic studies assessed the costs and short-term outcomes of using different screening tests. None examined the long-term impact of different proportions of false negatives. All considered the costs that would be incurred and the numbers identified by different tests, or different cut-offs. Results differed depending on different assumptions. They did not give a clear guide as to which test would be the best in any UK screening programme, but all recognised that the choice of cut-off would be a compromise between sensitivity and specificity; there is no perfect test. The modelling exercise concluded that screening for diabetes appears to be cost-effective for the 40–70-year age band, more so for the older age bands, but even in the 40–49-year age group, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for screening versus no screening is only £10,216 per quality-adjusted life-year. Screening is more cost-effective for people in the hypertensive and obese subgroups and the costs of screening are offset in many groups by lower future treatment costs. The cost-effectiveness of screening is determined as much by, if not more than, assumptions about the degree of control of blood glucose and future treatment protocols than by assumptions relating to the screening programme. The very low cost now of statins is also an important factor. Although the prevalence of diabetes increases with age, the relative risk of CVD falls, reducing the benefits of screening. Screening for diabetes meets most of the NSC criteria, but probably fails on three: criterion 12, on optimisation of existing management of the condition; criterion 13, which requires that there should be evidence from high-quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing that a screening programme would reduce mortality or morbidity; and criterion 18, that there should be adequate staffing and facilities for all aspects of the programme. It is uncertain whether criterion 19, that all other options, including prevention, should have been considered, is met. The issue here is whether all methods of improving lifestyles in order to reduce obesity and increase exercise have been sufficiently tried. The rise in overweight and obesity suggests that health promotion interventions have not so far been effective. Conclusions: The case for screening for undiagnosed diabetes is probably somewhat stronger than it was at the last review, because of the greater options for reduction of CVD, principally through the use of statins, and because of the rising prevalence of obesity and hence type 2 diabetes. However, there is also a good case for screening for IGT, with the aim of preventing some future diabetes and reducing CVD. Further research is needed into the duration of undiagnosed diabetes, and whether the rise in blood glucose levels is linear throughout or whether there may be a slower initial phase followed by an acceleration around the time of clinical diagnosis. This has implications for the interval after which screening would be repeated. Further research is also needed into the natural history of IGT, and in particular what determines progression to diabetes. An RCT of the type required by NSC criterion 13 is under way but will not report for about 7 years

A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness evaluation of "booster" interventions to sustain increases in physical activity in middle-aged adults in deprived urban neighbourhoods

Background: Systematic reviews have identified a range of brief interventions which increase physical activity in previously sedentary people. There is an absence of evidence about whether follow up beyond three months can maintain long term physical activity. This study assesses whether it is worth providing motivational interviews, three months after giving initial advice, to those who have become more active. Methods/Design: Study candidates (n = 1500) will initially be given an interactive DVD and receive two telephone follow ups at monthly intervals checking on receipt and use of the DVD. Only those that have increased their physical activity after three months (n = 600) will be randomised into the study. These participants will receive either a "mini booster" (n = 200), "full booster" (n = 200) or no booster (n = 200). The "mini booster" consists of two telephone calls one month apart to discuss physical activity and maintenance strategies. The "full booster" consists of a face-to-face meeting with the facilitator at the same intervals. The purpose of these booster sessions is to help the individual maintain their increase in physical activity. Differences in physical activity, quality of life and costs associated with the booster interventions, will be measured three and nine months from randomisation. The research will be conducted in 20 of the most deprived neighbourhoods in Sheffield, which have large, ethnically diverse populations, high levels of economic deprivation, low levels of physical activity, poorer health and shorter life expectancy. Participants will be recruited through general practices and community groups, as well as by postal invitation, to ensure the participation of minority ethnic groups and those with lower levels of literacy. Sheffield City Council and Primary Care Trust fund a range of facilities and activities to promote physical activity and variations in access to these between neighbourhoods will make it possible to examine whether the effectiveness of the intervention is modified by access to community facilities. A one-year integrated feasibility study will confirm that recruitment targets are achievable based on a 10% sample.Discussion: The choice of study population, study interventions, brief intervention preceding the study, and outcome measure are discussed

Chemical variation and insecticidal activity of Lippia javanica (Burm. F.) Spreng essential oil against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky

Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng is used commercially as an herbal tea and medicinal plant in sub-Saharan Africa. Here we investigated the chemical variation and pesticidal potential of L. javanica essential oils against a major stored product pest, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. We identified two morphologically distinct varieties of L. javanica growing at different locations in Malawi. Perillaldehyde was the major constituent in oil of L. javanica var. javanica while myrcenone (ipsdienone) was the major compound in oils of L. javanica var. whytei. Myrcene, linalool, carvone, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D were identified as the other most significant components in oils from both varieties. The yields of oil and the chemical composition also varied significantly with time of harvest during the season in both cases. In contact toxicity tests against S. zeamais, oils from both varieties were active. However, whereas perillaldehyde, linalool and carvone, components of the oil of L. javanica var. javanica, were all toxic against adult S. zeamais, myrcenone, the main component of oil from L. javanica var. whytei, was not. The oil from L. javanica var. javanica also showed some fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais. The high efficacy of L. javanica oil against S. zeamais suggests it is suitable to be used as a botanical insecticide to control S. zeamais in stored maize. However, further research is required to optimise and standardise the variety and harvest time to be recommended and to evaluate its activity against S. zeamais and other storage insect pests under farm conditions before it can be adopted by farmers more widely

Open letter from UK based academic scientists to the secretaries of state for digital, culture, media and sport and for health and social care regarding the need for independent funding for the prevention and treatment of gambling harms

First paragraph: Dear secretaries of state, As leading academic scientists studying gambling behaviours and its harms, we are writing to express our concern about the continuing support shown for the voluntary system of funding treatment, prevention and research in Great Britain. We feel compelled to write to you following the Betting and Gaming Council’s (BGC) recent announcement (17 June 2020) that five of its operators will now allocate the long awaited increase in funding for prevention and treatment, first promised on 2 August 2019, to GambleAware rather than the charity Action Against Gambling Harms. Irrespective of which organisation funds are given to, the BGC’s announcement exemplifies the longstanding weakness of a funding system that allows the gambling industry to regulate the availability and distribution of vital funds to address gambling harms across our communities. As we outline below, the continuance of this arrangement produces several negative effects that undermine the collective effort to reduce harms from gambling. It is also our belief that funds for research into gambling harms and their reduction should primarily be distributed through recognised independent organisations, such as UK Research and Innovation. We hereby urge you, as the secretaries of state with responsibilities for addressing gambling harms, to implement a statutory levy to fund effective prevention and treatment of gambling harms that is free both from industry influence and the perception of industry influence...... [Read more in the article]Additional co-authors: Carolyn Downs, Simon Dymond, Emanuele Fino, Elizabeth Goyder, Cindy Gray, Mark Griffiths, Peter Grindrod, Lee Hogan, Alice Hoon, Richard James, Bev John, Jill Manthorpe, Jim McCambridge, David McDaid, Martin McKee, Sally McManus, Antony Moss, Caroline Norrie, David J Nutt, Jim Orford, Rob Pryce, Gerda Reith, Amanda Roberts, Emmett Roberts, Gareth Roderique-Davies, Jim Rogers, Robert D Rogers, Stephen Sharman, John Strang, Richard Tunney, John Turner, Robert West, David Zendl