Theory of high harmonic generation in relativistic laser interaction with overdense plasma

High harmonic generation due to the interaction of a short ultra relativistic laser pulse with overdense plasma is studied analytically and numerically. On the basis of the ultra relativistic similarity theory we show that the high harmonic spectrum is universal, i.e. it does not depend on the interaction details. The spectrum includes the power law part $I_n\propto n^{-8/3}$ for $n<\sqrt{8\alpha}\gamma_{\max}^3$, followed by exponential decay. Here $\gamma_{\max}$ is the largest relativistic $\gamma$-factor of the plasma surface and $\alpha$ is the second derivative of the surface velocity at this moment. The high harmonic cutoff at $\propto \gamma_{\max}^3$ is parametrically larger than the $4 \gamma_{\max}^2$ predicted by the ``oscillating mirror'' model based on the Doppler effect. The cornerstone of our theory is the new physical phenomenon: spikes in the relativistic $\gamma$-factor of the plasma surface. These spikes define the high harmonic spectrum and lead to attosecond pulses in the reflected radiation.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Complications of colorectal cancer in general surgical clinics

Facultatea de medicină, Universitatea din Transnistria, Tiraspol, Moldova, Catedra de Chirurgie generală, KhMAPO, Harkov, Ucraina, Al XII-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova cu participare internațională 23-25 septembrie 2015Introducere: Creşterea ratei de îmbolnăvire, rezultatele nesatisfăcătoare ale tratamentului şi multiplele probleme organizatorice nerezolvate în ajutorarea pacienţilor cu cancer de colon necesită măsuri de urgenţă. Scopul studiului: De a examina rezultatele directe ale tratamentului pacienţilor cu cancer complicat de colon şi rect, prin identificarea cauzelor de bază şi a celor indirecte care determină rezultatele nesatisfăcătoare. Material şi metode: Într-o regiune teritorială compactă cu o populaţie de circa 500.000 au fost analizate rezultatele tratamentului a 308 pacienţi cu cancer colo-rectal, supuşi intervenţiilor operatorii în Clinica de chirurgie generală. Pacienţii au fost repartizaţi în 2 grupuri: operaţi programat (157) şi operaţi de urgenţă (151). Rezultate: Între pacienţii incluşi în studiu au predominat cei operaţi planificat (52,3%). Vîrsta medie în grupuri a fost comparabilă, respectiv 58,7 şi 61,4 ani. După localizare, 40,8±3,9% pacienţi cu patologii urgente, au prezentat afecţiuni ale colonului descendent şi sigmoid. În ambele grupuri au fost prezenţi pacienţi în stadii tardive: la stadiile 3-4 – 90,4% (planificaţi) şi 100% (cu cancer colorectal complicat). Principalele complicaţii: obstrucţia intestinală 65,6% (99 pacienţi); la 48 pacienţi pe parcursul operaţiei a fost identificată peritonita din cauza rupturii intestinului sau microperforaţiilor tumorilor. Patru pacienţi au fost operaţi în legătură cu hemoragia tumorii decadente. La pacienţii planificaţi în 12,1% cazuri au fost identificate complicaţii similare. Operaţia radicală a fost posibilă în 70,4% cazuri în grupul 1 şi doar în 28,8% din grupul 2. În cazul operaţiilor planificate la 82,0% pacienţi a fost aplicată anastomoza primară, iar la pacienţii cu cancer colorectal complicat – doar la 50%; colostomia – în 25,2±3,6% cazuri (planificaţi) şi 54,4±4,1% (urgenţă). Mortalitatea – 14,9±2,0% cazuri. Concluzii: Rezultatele tratamentului pacienţilor cu cancer colorectal au fost agravate de frecvenţa înaltă a formelor complicate ale acestei patologii. Implementarea sistemelor de “screening” pentru detectarea precoce a cancerului colorectal, poate îmbunătăţi parametrii chirurgicali şi reduce frecvenţa formelor complicate de cancer colorectal.Introduction: The growth of the disease, consistently poor results and many unsettled organizational issues in patients with colon cancer call for urgent solving of the problem. The aim: To examine the results of treatment in patients with the complicated cancer of the colon and rectum. Material and methods: In the compact territorial area (population: 500.000) there were studied the outcomes of treating in 308 patients operated in general clinical hospital for colorectal cancer. The patients were distributed into 2 groups: elective (157) and urgent surgery (151). Results: The average age of the patients in the groups was identical, respectively – 58.7 and 61.4 years old. Taking into account the location, 40.8±3.9% of patients with urgent pathology had an affection of descending and sigmoid colon. In both groups of patients there were those with late stages: 3-4th stages – 90.4% (in group I), and 100% (in group II). The main complication was acute intestinal obstruction 65.6% (99 patients). In 48 patients there were general or local peritonitis. Four patients were operated in connection with the hemorrhage from tumor. In group I similar complications were only in 12.1% cases. Radical surgery: in group I – 70.4%, and only 28.8% – in group II. Primary anastomosis was possible in 82% cases in group I, and only in 50% cases from group II; colostomy – 25 versus 54 cases. Mortality rate – 14%. Conclusion: The treatment outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer were largely aggravated by the significant frequency of complicated forms of the disease. The implementation of the screening systems for early detection of cancer of the colon and rectum can improve the results of the surgical interventions and reduce the frequency of complicated forms of colorectal cancer

Пути создания инвертированного микроскопа на базе микроскопа биологического

В роботі описано засіб виготовлення інвертованого мікроскопу шляхом доробки мікроскопу біологічного. Описано інвертований мікроскоп, створений на базі мікроскопу МБР-3. Наведено методику розрахунку основних оптичних характеристик інвертованого мікроскопу, виконано розрахунки для широко розповсюджених об’єктивів і окулярів.In this work the manufacturing of the inverted microscope by the way of revision of biological microscope is described. There is described the inverted microscope manufactured on the basis of MBR-3 microscope. It contains calculations methods of the main optical specifications of the inverted microscope and the results of calculations for the most spread objectives lenses and eyepieces.В работе описан способ изготовления инвертированного микроскопа путем доработки микроскопа биологического. Описан инвертированный микроскоп, созданный на базе микроскопа МБР-3. Приведена методика расчета основных оптических характеристик инвертированного микроскопа, выполнены расчеты для наиболее широко распространенных объективов и окуляров

Получение микрочастиц из биодеградируемых природных и синтетических полимеров для применения их в области регенеративной медицины

We have studied methods for preparing biodegradable microparticles for regenerative medicine based on chitosan, polylactic acid, collagen and gelatin. The main methods of forming particles become emulsification, coacervation and gelation. These methods can achieve the necessary parameters of the product such as size, porosity and shape by varying process parameters such as temperature, stirring speed and the concentration of solutions. For drying the microparticles vacuum freeze drying was used, which allows to maintain the spherical shape of the particles after drying. The resulting microparticles were examined and photographed using a scanning electron microscope. To determine the cytotoxicity of the microparticles their cell growth and attachment were studied in vitro.Исследованы способы получения биодеградируемых микрочастиц на основе хитозана, полимолочной кислоты и желатина. Дополнительно были получены образцы микрочастиц желатина и полимолочной кислоты, покрытые коллагеном. Для сушки микрочастиц была использована лиофильная сушилка. Полученные микрочастицы были исследованы in vitro на прикрепление и рост клеток

Comparison of proton channel, phagocyte oxidase, and respiratory burst levels between human eosinophil and neutrophil granulocytes.

Robust production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocyte NADPH oxidase (phox) during the respiratory burst (RB) is a characteristic feature of eosinophil and neutrophil granulocytes. In these cells the voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1) is now considered as an ancillary subunit of the phox needed for intense ROS production. Multiple sources reported that the expression of phox subunits and RB is more intensive in eosinophils than in neutrophils. In most of these studies the eosinophils were not isolated from healthy individuals, and a comparative analysis of Hv1 expression had never been carried out. We performed a systematic comparison of the levels of essential phox subunits, Hv1 expression and ROS producing capacity between eosinophils and neutrophils of healthy individuals. The expression of phox components was similar, whereas the amount of Hv1 was approximately 10-fold greater in eosinophils. Furthermore, Hv1 expression correlated with Nox2 expression only in eosinophils. Additionally, in confocal microscopy experiments co-accumulation of Hv1 and Nox2 at the cell periphery was observed in resting eosinophils but not in neutrophils. While phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced peak extracellular ROS release was approximately 1.7-fold greater in eosinophils, oxygen consumption studies indicated that the maximal intensity of the RB is only approximately 1.4-fold greater in eosinophils. Our data reinforce that eosinophils, unlike neutrophils, generate ROS predominantly extracellularly. In contrast to previous works we have found that the two granulocyte types display very similar phox subunit expression and RB capacity. The large difference in Hv1 expression suggests that its support to intense ROS production is more important at the cell surface

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

Comprehensive and Integrated Genomic Characterization of Adult Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Summary Sarcomas are a broad family of mesenchymal malignancies exhibiting remarkable histologic diversity. We describe the multi-platform molecular landscape of 206 adult soft tissue sarcomas representing 6 major types. Along with novel insights into the biology of individual sarcoma types, we report three overarching findings: (1) unlike most epithelial malignancies, these sarcomas (excepting synovial sarcoma) are characterized predominantly by copy-number changes, with low mutational loads and only a few genes (TP53, ATRX, RB1) highly recurrently mutated across sarcoma types; (2) within sarcoma types, genomic and regulomic diversity of driver pathways defines molecular subtypes associated with patient outcome; and (3) the immune microenvironment, inferred from DNA methylation and mRNA profiles, associates with outcome and may inform clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, this large-scale analysis reveals previously unappreciated sarcoma-type-specific changes in copy number, methylation, RNA, and protein, providing insights into refining sarcoma therapy and relationships to other cancer types

Comprehensive and Integrated Genomic Characterization of Adult Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Sarcomas are a broad family of mesenchymal malignancies exhibiting remarkable histologic diversity. We describe the multi-platform molecular landscape of 206 adult soft tissue sarcomas representing 6 major types. Along with novel insights into the biology of individual sarcoma types, we report three overarching findings: (1) unlike most epithelial malignancies, these sarcomas (excepting synovial sarcoma) are characterized predominantly by copy-number changes, with low mutational loads and only a few genes (, , ) highly recurrently mutated across sarcoma types; (2) within sarcoma types, genomic and regulomic diversity of driver pathways defines molecular subtypes associated with patient outcome; and (3) the immune microenvironment, inferred from DNA methylation and mRNA profiles, associates with outcome and may inform clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, this large-scale analysis reveals previously unappreciated sarcoma-type-specific changes in copy number, methylation, RNA, and protein, providing insights into refining sarcoma therapy and relationships to other cancer types