Does the Sun Shine by pp or CNO Fusion Reactions?

We show that solar neutrino experiments set an upper limit of 7.8% (7.3% including the recent KamLAND measurements) to the fraction of energy that the Sun produces via the CNO fusion cycle, which is an order of magnitude improvement upon the previous limit. New experiments are required to detect CNO neutrinos corresponding to the 1.5% of the solar luminosity that the standard solar model predicts is generated by the CNO cycle.Comment: Background information at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jn

Solar Neutrinos Before and After Neutrino 2004

We compare, using a three neutrino analysis, the allowed neutrino oscillation parameters and solar neutrino fluxes determined by the experimental data available Before and After Neutrino 2004. New data available after Neutrino2004 include refined KamLAND and gallium measurements. We use six different approaches to analyzing the KamLAND data. We present detailed results using all the available neutrino and anti-neutrino data for Delta m^2_{12}, tan^2 theta_{12}, sin^2 theta_{13}, and sin^2 eta (sterile fraction). Using the same complete data sets, we also present Before and After determinations of all the solar neutrino fluxes, which are treated as free parameters, an upper limit to the luminosity fraction associated with CNO neutrinos, and the predicted rate for a 7Be solar neutrino experiment. The 1 sigma (3 sigma) allowed range of Delta m^2_{21} = (8.2 +- 0.3) (^+1.0_-0.8)times 10^{-5} eV^2 is decreased by a factor of 1.7 (5), but the allowed ranges of all other neutrino oscillation parameters and neutrino fluxes are not significantly changed. Maximal mixing is disfavored at 5.8 sigma and the bound on the mixing angle theta_{13} is slightly improved to sin^2 theta_{13}<0.048 at 3 sigma. The predicted rate in a 7Be neutrino-electron scattering experiment is (0.665 +-0.015) of the rate implied by the BP04 solar model in the absence of neutrino oscillations. The corresponding predictions for p-p and pep experiments are, respectively, 0.707 {+0.011}{-0.013} and 0.644 {+0.011}{-0.013}. We derive upper limits to CPT violation in the weak sector by comparing reactor anti-neutrino oscillation parameters with neutrino oscillation parameters. We also show that the recent data disfavor at 91 % CL a proposed non-standard interaction description of solar neutrino oscillations.Comment: Added predictions for p-p and pep neutrino-electron scattering rate; publishe

Global Analysis of Solar Neutrino Oscillations Including SNO CC Measurement

For active and sterile neutrinos, we present the globally allowed solutions for two neutrino oscillations. We include the SNO CC measurement and all other relevant solar neutrino and reactor data. Five active neutrino oscillation solutions (LMA, LOW, SMA, VAC, and Just So2) are currently allowed at 3 sigma; three sterile neutrino solutions (Just So2, SMA, and VAC) are allowed at 3 sigma. The goodness of fit is satisfactory for all eight solutions. We also investigate the robustness of the allowed solutions by carrying out global analyses with and without: 1) imposing solar model constraints on the 8B neutrino flux, 2) including the Super-Kamiokande spectral energy distribution and day-night data, 3) including a continuous mixture of active and sterile neutrinos, 4) using an enhanced CC cross section for deuterium (due to radiative corrections), and 5) a optimistic, hypothetical reduction by a factor of three of the error of the SNO CC rate. For every analysis strategy used in this paper, the most favored solutions all involve large mixing angles: LMA, LOW, or VAC. The favored solutions are robust, but the presence at 3 sigma of individual sterile solutions and the active Just So2 solution is sensitive to the analysis assumptions.Comment: 9 figures, higher resolution versions at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb, added references and clarification

A silicon-based single-electron interferometer coupled to a fermionic sea

We study Landau-Zener-Stueckelberg-Majorana (LZSM) interferometry under the influence of projective readout using a charge qubit tunnel-coupled to a fermionic sea. This allows us to characterise the coherent charge qubit dynamics in the strong-driving regime. The device is realised within a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistor. We first read out the charge state of the system in a continuous non-demolition manner by measuring the dispersive response of a high-frequency electrical resonator coupled to the quantum system via the gate. By performing multiple fast passages around the qubit avoided crossing, we observe a multi-passage LZSM interferometry pattern. At larger driving amplitudes, a projective measurement to an even-parity charge state is realised, showing a strong enhancement of the dispersive readout signal. At even larger driving amplitudes, two projective measurements are realised within the coherent evolution resulting in the disappearance of the interference pattern. Our results demonstrate a way to increase the state readout signal of coherent quantum systems and replicate single-electron analogues of optical interferometry within a CMOS transistor

Latina Daughters and Their Caregiving Roles

Responsibilities and cultural expectations can be somewhat different for Latino males and females. In general, males are expected to be more independent and dominant while females are expected to be more nurturing [1, 2]. Similar to other populations, caregiving for elderly relatives has traditionally been a role adopted by women in Latino cultures [3]. Furthermore, first-born or oldest Latinas are sometimes expected to take on the role of caregiver with younger siblings and/or aging parents [4]. McDermott and Mendez-Luck [5] found that this caregiving role was often cultivated at an early age through a continuous, formal and informal socialization process that was gendered through modeling behaviors and care expectations primarily directed at women in the family rather than men. Practitioners interviewed in this qualitative study reported that daughters were frequently involved in the overall treatment and care of Mexican-American older adults. Some of the expectations included accompanying the parent to doctor visits or treatment; ensuring treatment or medication regimens were followed; serving as primary caregiver; providing information to providers in order to ensure more accuracy; and providing emotional and social support. For purposes of this article, the terms Mexican-American, Hispanic and Latino/a were used interchangeably

Older Mexican Americans: Role of the Family and Mental Health Service Utilization

This study explored role of the family and mental health service utilization by older Mexican-Americans. Using qualitative exploration, the study investigated family factors influencing their mental health service utilization. The researcher used a purposive sample and interviewed 20 older Mexican Americans, who completed outpatient mental health services located in Texas. Kleinman’s explanatory model (1980) guided the ethnographic content analysis. Findings show the family took several roles to facilitate use of mental health services. The family was involved with respondents throughout the process of help-seeking and accessing mental health services. Family members helped respondents recognize their mental distress by noticing behavior signs and working with their physician. The family shared feedback with the doctor to help facilitate the respondent making the decision to go to treatment. The family motivated respondents by recognizing and acknowledging changes and progress in the treatment program

Challenges Faced by Mexican Americans when Accessing Mental Health Care Service Utilization along the South Texas – Mexico border

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the challenges Mexican Americans face when accessing mental health care service utilization along the South Texas-Mexico border. Disparities in access and use of health and mental health services have led Latinos to be disproportionately represented among those most at-risk for chronic health and mental health illnesses and less likely to receive guideline congruent care. Research on mental health service utilization has documented the presence of economic, cultural, and structural barriers that contribute to the underutilization of health services by Latinos. Researchers conducted three focus groups with 25 mental health providers in the South Texas-Mexico border region. Researchers followed a semi-structured question list and probed for detail from group participants. Kleinman’s Explanatory Model [1] guided the question list. The researchers used ethnographic content analysis to analyze the transcripts. Providers reported several challenges when it came to accessing mental health services. The challenges included limited access to insurance, minimal knowledge of mental health, lack of family involvement, few providers, medication management, stigma, and culture

Older Mexican Americans: Role of the Family and Mental Health Service Utilization

This study explored role of the family and mental health service utilization by older Mexican-Americans. Using qualitative exploration, the study investigated family factors influencing their mental health service utilization. The researcher used a purposive sample and interviewed 20 older Mexican Americans, who completed outpatient mental health services located in Texas. Kleinman’s explanatory model (1980) guided the ethnographic content analysis. Findings show the family took several roles to facilitate use of mental health services. The family was involved with respondents throughout the process of help-seeking and accessing mental health services. Family members helped respondents recognize their mental distress by noticing behavior signs and working with their physician. The family shared feedback with the doctor to help facilitate the respondent making the decision to go to treatment. The family motivated respondents by recognizing and acknowledging changes and progress in the treatment program

Before and After: How has the SNO NC measurement changed things?

We present "Before and After" global oscillation solutions, as well as predicted "Before and After" values and ranges for ten future solar neutrino observables (for BOREXINO, KamLAND, SNO, and a generic p-p neutrino detector). We have performed global analyses using the full SNO day-night energy spectrum and, alternatively, just the SNO CC and NC rates and the day-night asymmetry.The ``Before'' case includes all solar neutrino data (and some theoretical improvements) available prior to April 20, 2002 and the ``After'' case includes, in addition, the new SNO data on the CC, NC, and day-night asymmetry. The LMA solution is the only currently allowed MSW oscillation solution at ~99% CL. The LOW solution is allowed only at more than 2.5 sigma, SMA at 3.7 sigma or 4.7 sigma (depending upon analysis strategy), and pure sterile oscillations at 4.7sigma. Small mixing angles are ``out''(pure sterile is ``way out''); MSW with large mixing angles is definitely ``in''. Vacuum oscillations are allowed at 3 sigma, but not a 2 sigma. Precise maximal mixing is excluded at 3.2 sigma for MSW solutions and at 2.8 sigma for vacuum solutions. Most of the predicted values for future observables for the BOREXINO, KamLAND, and future SNO measurements are changed only by minor amounts by the inclusion of the recent SNO data. In order to test the robustness of the allowed neutrino oscillation regions and the predictions for future observables, we have carried out calculations using a variety of strategies to analyze the SNO and other solar neutrino data.Comment: Added global analysis with full SNO day-night energy spectrum. Results essentially unchange