Relación música/texto en el canto gregoriano y en la polifonía y el concepto humanista de ritmo musical

Following the thread of the interrelation between music and text, this study is a reflection on the humanist concept of rhythm in Gregorian Chant. The consequences of the said concept succeeded in influencing vocal polyphony, as well, which was, however, all to its advantage.El presente trabajo ofrece una reflexión, siguiendo el hilo conductor de la "relación música/texto", sobre el concepto humanista del ritmo en el Canto Gregoriano. Las consecuencias de dicha concepción llegaron a afectar también a la polifonía vocal, en cuyo caso, diríamos que para su bien

Reflexiones sobre la procedencia y evolución del “ritmo” en la monodia litúrgica y polifonía medieval (I)

This paper presents some “meditations” about the procedure, evolution and application of the concepts rhythm and metre in liturgical monody and medieval polyphony, both of them appeared in contact with historical musical sources when interpreting “early music”. Taking its basis on the 13th century writers of treatises in favour of mensural positions, Historical research on musical notation, from its beginnings in the second half of 19th century, has centered his theoretical approaches in “sharp” application of quantitative laws (metre, poetry), -which could be framed with mathematical accuracy (mensura certa)-, to musical figures. So, Historical research, as they were more difficult to enunciate mathematically, left aside other hypothesis considering that the laws of idiomatic accent (oratorical rhythm, numerose canere) or those of the dance (weightiness, support: pes = pace, step), also could have a rellevant influence in rhythm, metre, and, finally, the musical notation. It is not yet well known if the rhythm of the Greek and latin languages were founded on syllabic quantity or syllabic accent. Otherwise, nobody doubts about musical ryhthm comes from the language rhythm. It is very difficult to clarify borderlines, if they really exists, between metre (quantity) and rhythm (accent, weightiness), because, as it is usually said, “rhythm is soul of metre”. This paper think about different circumstances which could make the study conditional on the ancient european notations, in 19th century. It also deals with the necessity of looking back to the classical Greek and Latin writers (Cicerón, Horacio, Quintiliano, Agustín, etc.), as they can clarify the provenence, evolution and differences among those concepts and terms and their application to music.El escrito presenta unas “reflexiones” sobre el ritmo y metro en la monodia litúrgica y polifonía medieval, surgidas del contacto con fuentes musicales históricas al interpretar la “música antigua”. La investigación histórica de la notación musical, desde el siglo XIX, fundándose en teóricos mensuralistas del XIII, ha centrado principalmente la atención en el estudio y aplicación “tajante” de leyes métrico-cuantitativas a las figuras musicales (mensura certa), dejando un tanto marginadas otras posibles normas basadas en el acento o impulso del idioma (peso, apoyo, “ritmo oratorio”, “mensura non certa”, “numerose canere”), más difíciles de formular “matemáticamente”. Es muy difícil definir o establecer fronteras entre metro y ritmo. San Agustín decía que “el ritmo es el alma del metro” y que “todo metro es ritmo, pero no todo ritmo es metro”. Este trabajo reflexiona sobre diversas circunstancias, que pudieron condicionar el estudio de las antiguas notaciones europeas, en el siglo XIX, y sobre la necesidad de volver la mirada hacia antiguos escritores griegos y latinos, que pudieran iluminar el problema

Behavioural activity of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under semi-natural rearing systems: establishing a seasonal pattern

P. 263-270The activity of 2 populations of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, L. 1758), consisting of 14 adults (>9 mo of age) each (4 males and 10 females), was analysed over 2 consecutive years. Rabbits were captured in the wild and kept in 2 separate enclosures of 0.5 ha, with each enclosure divided into 2 zones: a smaller area where warrens were located (breeding area) and a larger area where food and water were provided (feeding area). Seven rabbits in each enclosure were individually tagged with a microchip (2 males and 5 females) and, after installing 2 detection devices, it was possible to identify which of the 2 areas they were located in and record the length of time spent in each. To regulate the size of the breeding population, young rabbits produced in the enclosures were captured and removed regularly. Considering the number of movements between areas and the time spent in the feeding area, a circadian activity pattern was found, reporting 2 maximum activity peaks coinciding with twilight (18.35% of the total movements, 6-8 a.m.) and daybreak (22.95%, 7-10 p.m.) while activity was dramatically decreased during the midday hours (1.86%, 10 a.m.-4 p.m.). Rabbits displayed a seasonal pattern throughout the year, with maximum activity levels during winter (45.76% of the total movements, January-March) and spring (42.91%, April-June), which could be related to higher reproductive activity at this time of the year as a higher breeding output was reported in June and September. The levels of activity exhibited by males (13.44% daily activity rate) were significantly higher than those displayed by females (9.80%). No significant differences were found regarding time spent on the feeding area in relation to season or gender. The average duration of each foray to the feeding area was higher during the summer, higher for females than males and higher during the middle of the night than the rest of the day.S

Documentación geométrica de edificios históricos

[EN] Poster contributed to: I International Seminar on Architecture Archaeology (Vitoria, Spain, Feb 18-20, 2002).-- The seminar proceedings did not include the posters.[ES] Cartel presentado en: I Seminario internacional de Arqueología de la Arquitectura (Vitoria, España, 18-20 febrero 2002).-- Los carteles no fueron publicados en actas.[EN] The most common steps to document an historic building are presented, as well as some examples: churches, walls, bridges and an altarpiece.[ES] Se presentan los pasos más habituales en la documentación geométrica de un edificio histórico y algunos ejemplos de tipos de elementos: puentes, iglesias, murallas y un retablo

Metodología en la Documentación Geométrica del Patrimonio

[EN] Poster contributed to: I International Seminar on Architecture Archaeology (Vitoria, Spain, Feb 18-20, 2002).-- The seminar proceedings did not include the posters.[ES] Cartel presentado en: I Seminario internacional de Arqueología de la Arquitectura (Vitoria, España, 18-20 febrero 2002).-- Los carteles no fueron publicados en actas.[EN] The poster presents a list with some reasons that can trigger a project of geometric documentation of the heritage, the features for the representation (accuracy, quality, spatial framework), a set of existent methodologies and possible results.[ES] Se muestran las posibles causas que originan la documentación geométrica de un elemento patrimonial, las características necesarias de la representación (precisión, calidad, referencia espacial), diferentes técnicas existentes y resultados obtenibles

Diferentes propuestas para la representación geométrica de edificios históricos

[ES]La documentación geométrica y la representación de edificios con el objetivo de servir como base a estudios históricos o arquitectónicos ofrece una variada oferta metodológica, cada una de ellas con unas características específicas. Antes de acometer una documentación, es necesario realizar un análisis previo de las necesidades finales del trabajo para elegir el método de documentación más conveniente.[EN] Geometric documentation and the representation of buildings, with the objective of using these as a basis for historic or architectonic studies, offer a wide range of methodologies, each with their own specific characteristics. Before beginning documentation, it is necessary to make a preliminary analysis of the final needs of the work to choose the most suitable method of documentation.El nº 2 de la revista ha sido financiado con las aportaciones de : Departamento de Urbanismo y Obras Públicas de la Diputación Foral de Alava; Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea y Fundación Catedral Santa María (Vitoria-Gasteiz

Identification of discriminant factors after exposure of maize and common bean plantlets to abiotic stresses

Adverse environmental conditions limit crop yield and better understanding of plant response to stress will assist the development of more tolerant cultivars. Maize and common bean plantlets were evaluated under salinity, high temperature, drought and waterlogged conditions to identify biochemical markers which could be useful for rapid identification of putative stress tolerant plants. The levels of phenolics (free, cell wall-linked, total), aldehydes including malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (a, b, total) were measured on stressed plantlets. Only two indicators were statistically non-significant: chlorophyll b in maize plantlets stressed with sodium chloride and malondialdehyde content in drought stressed maize. The most remarkable effects of abiotic stresses can be summarized as follows: (i) salinity increased levels of free phenolics in maize plantlets and chlorophylls (a, b, total) in common bean; (ii) high temperature (40 °C) elevated levels of chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize but decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) and free phenolics in common bean; (iii) drought increased phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll pigments (a, b, total) in common bean; (iv) waterlogging increased free phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll (a, total) in common bean. Free phenolics and chlorophylls, especially a, were the most responsive indicators to stress and can, therefore, be considered putative biochemical markers for abiotic stress tolerance in maize and common bean. The use of Fisher s linear discriminant analysis to differentiate non-stressed and stressed plants in breeding programs is also a novel aspect of this report. Fisher s linear discriminant functions classified correctly 100% of non-stressed or stressed originally grouped plants.Hernández, L.; Loyola González, O.; Valle, B.; Martínez, J.; Díaz López, L.; Aragón, C.; Vicente Meana, Ó.... (2015). Identification of discriminant factors after exposure of maize and common bean plantlets to abiotic stresses. NOTULAE BOTANICAE HORTI AGROBOTANICI. 43(2):589-598. doi:10.15835/nbha4329916S58959843

Angiosarcoma of the nasal cavity: a case report

Angiosarcomas are malignant neoplasias of rapid growth that develop from endothelial cells. They represent 2% of all sarcomas and only 1–4% are located in the aerodigestive tract. Since 1977, only 16 cases have been reported

Brain fog of post-COVID-19 condition and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, same medical disorder?

Background: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized by persistent physical and mental fatigue. The post-COVID-19 condition patients refer physical fatigue and cognitive impairment sequelae. Given the similarity between both conditions, could it be the same pathology with a different precipitating factor? Objective: To describe the cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and general symptomatology in both groups, to find out if it is the same pathology. As well as verify if the affectation of smell is related to cognitive deterioration in patients with post-COVID-19 condition. Methods: The sample included 42 ME/CFS and 73 post-COVID-19 condition patients. Fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety and depressive symptoms, the frequency and severity of different symptoms, olfactory function and a wide range of cognitive domains were evaluated. Results: Both syndromes are characterized by excessive physical fatigue, sleep problems and myalgia. Sustained attention and processing speed were impaired in 83.3% and 52.4% of ME/CFS patients while in post-COVID-19 condition were impaired in 56.2% and 41.4% of patients, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found in sustained attention and visuospatial ability, being the ME/CFS group who presented the worst performance. Physical problems and mood issues were the main variables correlating with cognitive performance in post-COVID-19 patients, while in ME/CFS it was anxiety symptoms and physical fatigue. Conclusions: The symptomatology and cognitive patterns were similar in both groups, with greater impairment in ME/CFS. This disease is characterized by greater physical and neuropsychiatric problems compared to post-COVID-19 condition. Likewise, we also propose the relevance of prolonged hyposmia as a possible marker of cognitive deterioration in patients with post-COVID-19.This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the project PI20/01076 and co-funded by the European Union, EITB maratoia (BIOS21/COV/006) and grants for health research projects from the Basque Government (2021111006). Azcue, N. received a pre-doctoral research grant from the basque government (PRE_2021_1_0186)