Twitter and misogyny: a systematic review

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2022/2023Misogyny or aversion to women is not only rife in the offline world, but, as in any sphere where there are social interactions, it also permeates the online world in social networks such as Twitter, unfortunately becoming another unsafe and violent place for women just for being women. The aim of the study was to review the bibliography of scientific articles on misogyny and the Twitter platform. Initially, for the purpose of this, 91 articles were found, 76 of which were selected in a first screening. In the end, the 31 articles (plus one dictionary entry) listed in the references section were selected. The results show that progress has been made in the development of models for detecting and classifying misogyny in Twitter in different languages, where the common limitation is the difficulty in separating irony from real harassment, although this obstacle is beginning to be overcome. It has also been observed what kind of communities or types of users post misogynistic tweets and through what medium they post them (memes, using hashtags, etc.). Finally, ways to reduce this harassment through the involvement of the social network itself were also explored. In view of the results, it can be concluded that misogyny on Twitter is a widespread and complex phenomenon, very easily propagated by the infinity of accounts that can be created in seconds and, in turn, permanent in digital form (Hewitt, Tiropanis & Bokhove, 2016); which can have consequences in the material world. Creating misogyny detection models is a big step in reducing hate speech towards women, but Twitter needs to take the lead in implementing or improving interventions using these tools with to protect its users.La misoginia o la aversión a las mujeres no solo abunda en el mundo offline, sino que, como en cualquier ámbito donde hay interacciones sociales, también permea el mundo online en redes sociales como Twitter, convirtiéndose desgraciadamente en otro lugar inseguro y violento para las mujeres solo por ser mujeres. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido la revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos sobre la misoginia y la plataforma Twitter. En un principio, para el fin de este trabajo se localizaron 91 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 76 en un primer cribado. Finalmente se escogieron los 31 que figuran en el apartado de referencias. En los resultados se aprecia el avance en el desarrollo de modelos de detección y clasificación de misoginia en Twitter en diferentes idiomas donde se observa como limitación común la dificultad de separar ironía del verdadero acoso, aunque esta traba empieza a ser superada. También se han observado qué tipo de comunidades o tipo de usuarios publican tweets misóginos y de qué tipo a través de qué medio (memes, usando hashtags, etc). Finalmente, también se exploran formas de reducir este acoso a través de la implicación de la propia red social. A la vista de los resultados, se puede concluir que la misoginia en Twitter es un fenómeno extendido y complejo, muy fácilmente propagado por la infinidad de cuentas que se pueden crear en segundos y, a su vez, permanente en forma digital (Hewitt, Tiropanis & Bokhove, 2016) que puede causar consecuencias en el mundo material. La creación de modelos de detección de misoginia es un gran paso en reducir el acoso, pero Twitter tiene tomar la iniciativa en implementar o mejorar intervenciones usando estas herramientas para proteger a sus usuarios

Potentiation of acute morphine-induced analgesia measured by a thermal test in bone cancer-bearing mice

Agonists of mu-opioid receptors are currently used in the management of cancer pain. However, several data suggest that the analgesic effect of morphine can diminish during the development of experimental tumors. By using a thermal test, we have studied whether the analgesic effect evoked by morphine is altered in mice bearing two painful bone tumors. The analgesic effect evoked by systemic morphine remained unaltered after the intratibial inoculation of B16-F10 melanoma cells and was potentiated after the inoculation of NCTC 2472 osteosarcoma cells. Although the number of spinal mu-opioid receptors measured by western blot studies was not augmented in osteosarcoma-bearing mice, the analgesia evoked by intrathecal (i.t.) morphine was also enhanced. The analgesic response produced by the spinal administration of the Gi/o protein activator mastoparan was amplified, whereas the analgesic response evoked by the i.t. administration of the N-type calcium channel blocker ?-conotoxin remained unaltered. The efficacy of the GIRK channel blocker tertiapin-Q to antagonize the analgesic effect produced by a maximal dose of morphine was also increased in osteosarcoma-bearing mice. Our results seem to indicate that the analgesic effect of morphine on thermal nociception can be enhanced in response to the development of particular bone tumors in mice, being this potentiation probably related to a greater efficacy of the transduction system driven by Gi/o proteins and GIRK channels.Grants were provided by MEC-FEDER (SAF2009-10567). SL received a grant from CIBER of Enfermedades Raras of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). The Instituto Universitario de Oncología is supported by Obra Social Cajastur-Asturias, Spain

Implementación de la metodología ABP (Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas) en la enseñanza de los materiales bituminosos para los estudiantes de Arquitectura de Interiores

This paper describes the application of the methodology of Problem Based Learning (PBL) in the Course of Construction I of Interior Architecture Degree by University of Burgos. This teaching experience was carried out with a small group of students for three academic years, using bituminous materials module. The results obtained were analyzed taking into account the satisfaction degree of student with the working method. The comparative study of the results obtained was compared with the traditional techniques of study.Este trabajo describe una experiencia docente de enseñanza-aprendizaje puesta en marcha a través de la metodología del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP), llevada a cabo durante tres años con un grupo reducido de alumnos en el módulo de materiales bituminosos de la asignatura de Construcción I de la Titulación de Arquitectura de Interiores de la Universidad de Burgos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron referidos a la idoneidad de las soluciones adoptadas a los encargos realizados, al grado de satisfacción de los alumnos con el método de trabajo y al estudio comparativo de los resultados con las técnicas tradicionales de estudio seguidas hasta ahora

Estrategias docentes para la formación de alumnos extranjeros en la Universidad de Burgos

There are many foreign students who choose our country to perfect their studies, doing exchanges with Spanish Universities. Annually, University of Burgos hosts students from different countries, specially from the United Mexican States. The agreements between University of Burgos and Mexican University of Baja California, San Luis Potosi, Chihuahua or Mexico City have enabled that many students of the Architecture School take subjects of Building Engineering Degree and Roads, Canals and Ports Engineer Degree. This paper develops a training strategy that professors of the subject of Prevention and Building Safety, which is part of the Building Engineering Degree, have been implemented with the aim to perfect the knowledge of this discipline in visitor’s students from School of Architecture of the United Mexican States.Son muchos los alumnos extranjeros que eligen nuestro país para perfeccionar su formación universitaria, realizando intercambios con Universidades Españolas. La Universidad de Burgos recibe anualmente alumnos de diferentes países, entre los que destacan los procedentes de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Los acuerdos entre la Universidad de Burgos y las Universidad Mexicanas de los Estados de Baja California, San Luis Potosí, Chihuahua o México D.F. han posibilitado que muchos alumnos de las Facultades de Arquitectura cursen asignaturas de las Titulaciones de Ingeniería de Edificación e Ingeniería de Caminos Canales y Puertos. En este artículo se desarrolla una estrategia formativa que los profesores de la asignatura de Prevención y Seguridad en la Construcción, de la Titulación de Ingeniería de Edificación, han puesto en práctica, con el objetivo me perfeccionar el conocimiento de esta disciplina en los alumnos visitantes de las Escuelas de Arquitectura de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos

Detección, vigilancia, y seguimiento de gérmenes multirresistentes, en las areas sanitarias III-IV de Cantabria (2013-2016)

In the European Union, according to the Center for Disease Control, die approximately 250,000 individuals per year because of the multidrug resistant bacteria to antibiotics, with an additional cost of €1,500 million to health systems. The World Health Organization has defined as " the great threat to the public health" and predicts that could cause 10 million deaths in the year 2050.The present prospective study about the incidence of patients carriers of germs multiresistant to antibiotics (GMA), has been done from 2013 to June 2016 in the sanitary areas III-IV of Cantabria; with an estimated population of 200,000 inhabitants, distributed in two local hospitals (Hospital Sierrallana Torrelavega, Hospital of Three Seas Reinosa), 14 health centers and social health centers.The process was applied monitoring, control and epidemiological monitoring, made from the Preventive Medicine Service Quality and safety of the patient with the collaboration of the Service of Microbiology and Primary Care.Of a total of total of 3446 patients with germs with GMA, have been negativizar 1083 patients, which represents the 31,42% of the total.Taking into account that each of these patients remain admitted an average stay of 5 days more than those who do not have these multirresistencias to antibiotics. Has been achieved that these patients once negatives could enter without being isolated and what this presents at the level of health, economic and psychologically; as well as to improve the sanitary resources.En la Unión Europea, según el Centro de Control de Enfermedades, fallecen unos 250.000 individuos al año a causa de las bacterias multirresistentes a los antibióticos, con un coste adicional de 1.500 millones de euros a los sistemas sanitarios. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha definido como “la gran amenaza para la salud pública” y pronostica que pudieran provocar 10 millones de muertes en el año 2050.El presente estudio prospectivo de  incidencia de los pacientes portadores de gérmenes multirresistentes a los antibióticos (GMA) se ha  realizado desde 2013 a junio de 2016 en las áreas sanitarias III-IV de Cantabria, con una población estimada de 200.000 habitantes, distribuidas en dos Hospitales Comarcales: Hospital Sierrallana (Torrelavega) y Hospital de Tres Mares (Reinosa), 14 Centros de Salud y Sociosanitarios.Se ha  aplicado el proceso de vigilancia, control y seguimiento epidemiológico, realizado desde el Servicio de Medicina Preventiva Calidad y Seguridad del Paciente con la colaboración del Servicio de Microbiología y de Atención Primaria.    De un total de total de 3446 pacientes con gérmenes con GMA, se han podido negativizar 1083 pacientes, lo que representa el 31,42% del total. Teniendo en cuenta que cada uno de estos enfermos permanece ingresado una estancia media de 5 días más que los que no presentan estas multirresistencias a los antibióticos. Se ha conseguido que estos pacientes una vez negativizados pudieran ingresar sin estar aislados con lo que esto representa a nivel de salud, económico y psicológicamente; así como mejorar la eficieciencia de los recursos sanitarios

Phosphate sorption and desorption by two contrasting volcanic soils of equatorial Africa

Volcanic soils cover 1% of the Earth's surface but support 10% of the world's population. They are among the most fertile soils in the world, due to their excellent physical properties and richness in available nutrients. The major limiting factor for plant growth in volcanic soils is phosphate fixation, which is mainly attributable to active species of aluminium and iron. The sorption and desorption of phosphate is studied on the surface horizons of two African agricultural soils, a silandic Andosol (Rwanda) and a vitric Andosol (São Tomé and Principe). Both soils are slightly acid. The silandic Andosol is rich in active aluminium forms, while the vitric Andosol has high amounts of crystalline iron and aluminium oxides. Sorption isotherms were determined by equilibrating at 293K soil samples with phosphate solutions of concentrations between 0 and 100 mg P L-1 in NaNO3; phosphate was determined by visible spectrophotometry in the equilibrium solution. To study desorption, the soil samples from the sorption experiment were equilibrated with 0.02 M NaNO3. The isotherms were adjusted to mathematical models. In almost all the concentration range, the adsorption of phosphate by the silandic Andosol was greater than 90% of the amount added, being lower in the vitric Andosol but always higher than 65%. The high sorption by the silandic Andosol is attributed to its richness in non-crystalline Fe and Al, while in the vitric Andosol crystalline iron species seem to play a relevant role in the adsorption. The sorption isotherms of both soils fitted to the Temkin model, the adjustment to the Langmuir or Freundlich models being unsatisfactory; throughout the range studied, the sorption increases with increasing phosphorus concentration, a maximum sorption is not predictable (as occurs when the sorption is adjusted to the Langmuir model). For an added P concentration of 100 mg L-1 (3.2 mmol L-1), the sorption is 47.7 mmol P g-1 in the silandic Andosol and 41.6 mmol P g-1 in the vitric Andosol. The desorption is low and the comparison of the sorption and desorption isotherms reveals a pronounced hysteresis, that is, the irreversibility of the sorption. The high phosphate sorption and its irreversibility are comparable to those published for other volcanic soils with high contents of allophane, active aluminium and free iron. The strong phosphate adsorption is a serious limiting factor for plant growth, which requires a careful management of phosphorus fertilization.S

Sorption and Desorption of Vanadate, Arsenate and Chromate by Two Volcanic Soils of Equatorial Africa

Sorption of oxyanions by soils and mineral surfaces is of interest due to their role as nutrients or pollutants. Volcanic soils are variable charge soils, rich in active forms of aluminum and iron, and capable of sorbing anions. Sorption and desorption of vanadate, arsenate, and chromate by two African andosols was studied in laboratory experiments. Sorption isotherms were determined by equilibrating at 293 K soil samples with oxyanion solutions of concentrations between 0 and 100 mg L−1 V, As, or Cr, equivalent to 0−2.0 mmol V L−1, 0−1.3 mmol As L−1, and 0−1.9 mmol Cr L−1, in NaNO3; V, As, or Cr were determined by ICP-mass spectrometry in the equilibrium solution. After sorption, the soil samples were equilibrated with 0.02 M NaNO3 to study desorption. The isotherms were adjusted to mathematical models. After desorption with NaNO3, desorption experiments were carried out with a 1 mM phosphate. The sorption of vanadate and arsenate was greater than 90% of the amount added, while the chromate sorption was much lower (19–97%). The sorption by the Silandic Andosol is attributed to non-crystalline Fe and Al, while in the Vitric Andosol, crystalline iron species play a relevant role. The V and Cr sorption isotherms fitted to the Freundlich model, while the As sorption isotherms conformed to the Temkin model. For the highest concentrations of oxyanions in the equilibrating solution, the sorbed concentrations were 37–38 mmol V kg−1, 25 mmol As kg−1, and 7.2–8.8 mmol Cr kg−1. The desorption was low for V and As and high for Cr. The comparison of the sorption and desorption isotherms reveals a pronounced hysteresis for V in both andosols and for Cr in the Silandic Andosol. Phosphate induced almost no V desorption, moderate As desorption, and considerable Cr desorptionS

Improvement in the distribution of services in multi-agent systems with SCODA

The distribution of services on multi-agent systems allows it to reduce to the agents their computational load. The functionality of the system does not reside in the agents themselves, however it is ubiquitously distributed so that allows you to perform tasks in parallel avoiding an additional computational cost to the elements in the system. The distribution of services that offers SCODA (Distributed and Specialized Agent Communities) allows an intelligent management of these services provided by agents of the system and the parallel execution of threads that allow to respond to requests asynchronously, which implies an improvement in the performance of the system at both the computational level as the level of quality of service in the control of these services. The comparison carried out in the case of study that is presented in this paper demonstrates the existing improvement in the distribution of services on systems based on SCODA