Trayectorias sociolingüísticas intergeneracionales. Una categoría para el análisis de procesos de transmisión y desplazamiento del mapuzugun

This article is framed within the studies on vitality of Mapuzugun in the Araucanía. An exploratory study is proposed about the inter-generational sociolinguistic trajectories. The objective is to understand the displacement and loss of the language in the context of the cultural changes experienced by speakers of different generations of the same family group. The analysis includes the trajectories of two Mapuche family groups in a temporal arch that ranges from the period of occupation of the territory to the present day.Este artículo se sitúa en los estudios sobre vitalidad del mapuzugun en La Araucanía. Se propone un estudio de alcance exploratorio en torno a trayectorias sociolingüísticas inter-generacionales. El objetivo es comprender el desplazamiento y pérdida de la lengua en el marco de los cambios culturales que experimentan los hablantes de distintas generaciones de un mismo grupo familiar. El análisis incluye las trayectorias de dos grupos familiares mapuche en un arco temporal que abarca desde el período de ocupación del territorio hasta nuestros días

Inter-generational sociolinguistic trajectories: a conceptual category to the study of transmission and displacement processes of mapuzugun

Este artículo se sitúa en los estudios sobre vitalidad del mapuzugun en La Araucanía. Se propone un estudio de alcance exploratorio en torno a trayectorias sociolingüísticas inter-generacionales. El objetivo es comprender el desplazamiento y pérdida de la lengua en el marco de los cambios culturales que experimentan los hablantes de distintas generaciones de un mismo grupo familiar. El análisis incluye las trayectorias de dos grupos familiares mapuche en un arco temporal que abarca desde el período de ocupación del territorio hasta nuestros días.This article is framed within the studies on vitality of Mapuzugun in the Araucanía. An exploratory study is proposed about the inter-generational sociolinguistic trajectories. The objective is to understand the displacement and loss of the language in the context of the cultural changes experienced by speakers of different generations of the same family group. The analysis includes the trajectories of two Mapuche family groups in a temporal arch that ranges from the period of occupation of the territory to the present day

Examining the influence of seasonality, condition, and species composition on mangrove leaf pigment contents and laboratory based spectroscopy data

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the seasonal relationships (dry vs. rainy) between reflectance (400-1000 nm) and leaf pigment contents (chlorophyll-a (chl-a), chlorophyll-b (chl-b), total carotenoids (tcar), chlorophyll a/b ratio) in three mangrove species (Avicennia germinans (A. germinans), Laguncularia racemosa (L. racemosa), and Rhizophora mangle (R. mangle)) according to their condition (stressed vs. healthy). Based on a sample of 360 leaves taken from a semi-arid forest of the Mexican Pacific, it was determined that during the dry season, the stressed A. germinans and R. mangle show the highest maximum correlations at the green (550 nm) and red-edge (710 nm) wavelengths (r = 0.8 and 0.9, respectively) for both chl-a and chl-b and that much lower values (r = 0.7 and 0.8, respectively) were recorded during the rainy season. Moreover, it was found that the tcar correlation pattern across the electromagnetic spectrum was quite different from that of the chl-a, the chl-b, and chl a/b ratio but that their maximum correlations were also located at the same two wavelength ranges for both seasons. The stressed L. racemosa was the only sample to exhibit minimal correlation with chl-a and chl-b for either season. In addition, the healthy A. germinans and R. mangle depicted similar patterns of chl-a and chl-b, but the tcar varied depending on the species. The healthy L. racemosa recorded higher correlations with chl-b and tcar at the green and red-edge wavelengths during the dry season, and higher correlation with chl-a during the rainy season. Finally, the vegetation index Red Edge Inflection Point Index (REIP) was found to be the optimal index for chl-a estimation for both stressed and healthy classes. For chl-b, both the REIP and the Vogelmann Red Edge Index (Vog1) index were found to be best at prediction. Based on the results of this investigation, it is suggested that caution be taken as mangrove leaf pigment contents from spectroscopy data have been shown to be sensitive to seasonality, species, and condition. The authors suggest potential reasons for the observed variability in the reflectance and pigment contents relationships

Estimación del consumo hídrico de vid cv. Cabernet sauvignon mediante el modelo Shuttleworth y Wallace usando un vehículo aéreo no tripulado

37 p.Debido a la baja fracción de cobertura de viñedos conducidos en espaldera vertical simple, modelos como Penman-Monteith tienen problemas para estimar la evapotranspiración del cultivo, presentando diferencias importantes entre el valor estimado y el observado. Es por esto por lo que en este trabajo se utilizó el modelo de dos fuentes de Shuttleworth y Wallace (SW), complementado con información obtenida de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT), de tal manera de incorporar la variabilidad aportada por el suelo y el vigor del cultivo. Este trabajo se realizó en el valle de Pencahue, región del Maule, en un viñedo comercial de 6 años, conducido en espaldera vertical simple y con un sistema de riego por goteo. El modelo fue comparado con las mediciones obtenidas de un sistema de flujos turbulentos ubicado en el centro de la zona de estudio. Los indicadores utilizados para medir la correlación de ambos métodos fueron el cuadrado medio del error (RMSE), error medio absoluto (MAE) y el índice de acuerdo del modelo (d). Los resultados obtenidos indican que SW estimó con un RMSE de 34.16W m-1, 0.44mm día-1 y 0.14mm hora-1 el flujo de calor latente, la evapotranspiración diaria, y la evapotranspiración horaria, respectivamente. ABSTRACT: Due to the low coverture fraction of vineyards grow in simple vertical trellis, models like Penman-Monteith present problems in the estimation of actual evapotranspiration of the crop, showing important differences between the estimated and observed values. To solve this problem, this study uses the two-sources Shuttleworth and Wallace model (SW), which helped by aerial information obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle (VANT), incorporates the spatial variability of the soil and the vineyard vigor. This work was made in Pencahue valley, Maule region, in a simple vertical trellis conducted six years-old vineyards with a drip irrigation system. SW was compared with the measures obtained from an Eddy Covariance system. The performance of the model was evaluated with the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the index of agreement of the model (d). results show that SW estimated with a RMSE of 34.16W m-1, 0.44mm day-1 and 0.14mm hour-1 the Latent heat flux, daily evapotranspiration and instant evapotranspiration, respectively

Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis

The interesting observation was made 20 years ago that psychotic manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with the production of antiribosomal-P protein (anti-P) autoantibodies. Since then, the pathogenic role of anti-P antibodies has attracted considerable attention, giving rise to long-term controversies as evidence has either contradicted or confirmed their clinical association with lupus psychosis. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism supporting an anti-P–mediated neuronal dysfunction is still lacking. We show that anti-P antibodies recognize a new integral membrane protein of the neuronal cell surface. In the brain, this neuronal surface P antigen (NSPA) is preferentially distributed in areas involved in memory, cognition, and emotion. When added to brain cellular cultures, anti-P antibodies caused a rapid and sustained increase in calcium influx in neurons, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In contrast, astrocytes, which do not express NSPA, were not affected. Injection of anti-P antibodies into the brain of living rats also triggered neuronal death by apoptosis. These results demonstrate a neuropathogenic potential of anti-P antibodies and contribute a mechanistic basis for psychiatric lupus. They also provide a molecular target for future exploration of this and other psychiatric diseases

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Estudio para el diseño de la implantación de un sistema de generación de energía eléctrica alternativo a partir de desechos biodegradables

Después de haber desarrollado cuatro módulos dictados en la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, que involucran la Calidad de Energía, las Energías Alternativas, Administración de Empresas Eléctricas y Sistemas SCADAS, se llega al desarrollo de un proyecto final, ya sea a manera de estudio o implementación, que está formado por los conocimientos difundidos en dichos módulos. El siguiente proyecto “Sistema Alternativo de Generación de Energía Eléctrica a partir de desechos Biodegradables” esta dirigido a sentar bases sólidas sobre la forma de generar electricidad, mediante un sistema alternativo con el fin de buscar varios reemplazos para los combustibles derivados del petróleo, y contribuir a la reducción del perjuicio que causa el aumento de la temperatura de la Tierra debido al uso de combustibles fósiles y a otros procesos industriales que conllevan a una acumulación de gases invernadero, así de esta manera se plantea una alternativa para este propósito. Mediante un estudio completo, luego de analizar varios sistemas de generación, y de tomar muy en cuenta aspectos generales que conllevan actualmente a la búsqueda de métodos de generación eléctrica, sin depender de combustibles fósiles, se llega a proponer este tema ya mencionado anteriormente, enfocando la ciencia y la tecnología a un punto geográfico específico y particular, como lo es la Isla Santay, en la que mediante un sistema alternativo de generación eléctrica se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de la misma. Posteriormente se estudia el compuesto principal para el fin de la generación eléctrica, o sea, la materia prima, el gas Metano, mediante un análisis profundo, se demuestra mediante tablas su beneficio, los tipos de aplicación, la facilidad de adquisición, su bajo costo y el beneficio ambiental que conlleva utilizar este sistema. Se detallan con mucha claridad las diversas formas por las cuales podemos obtener el biogás, a fin de encontrar el método más conveniente para su producción dependiendo de los recursos económicos disponibles y se toma en cuenta el entorno ambiental, para no contribuir a la degradación del mismo, culminando con un estudio de factibilidad que recopila toda la información necesaria para implantar un diseño de generación a partir de la energía de la biomasa A 20 minutos del muelle de las embarcaciones Discovery en Malecón 2000, se encuentra la Isla Santay en la cual existe una pequeña población conformada por 182 habitantes. Los habitantes de la Isla carecen completamente de servicios básicos, como son Energía Eléctrica, Agua potable, Alcantarillado y es precisamente con estos antecedentes y las limitantes de no poder desarrollar grandes proyectos que involucren infraestructuras que afecten el ecosistema de la Isla, ya que es un sitio protegido internacionalmente, es justamente que nuestro proyecto de graduación está enfocado a tratar de encontrar una solución viable para mejorar la calidad de vida, mediante la implantación de un pequeño sistema de generación de energía Eléctrica a partir de deshechos biodegradables (estiércol de ganado) que pueden ser producidos en la Isla, siendo este el elemento fundamental para la producción del gas metano, materia prima básica para la generación de electricidad por medio de una turbina a vapor como lo ilustraremos posteriormente. El gas metano es un hidrocarburo procedente de la descomposición de las basuras y el estiércol, que en algunos casos puede remplazar el petróleo, el gas natural, el carbón y otras combustibles tradicionales. En las zonas rurales, los excrementos humanos y animales, así como la basura generada en la vida cotidiana pueden servir de materia prima para la obtención de metano, gas utilizable como fuente de energía para la calefacción, la iluminación y la cocción. Por si esto fuera poco, las cenizas residuales se emplean como fertilizante agrícola. La tecnología del metano ofrece tres ventajas: ante todo, contribuye a solucionar el problema que supone para los campesinos abastecerse de combustible, lo que a su vez contribuye a frenar la deforestación; en segundo lugar, aunque la materia prima es estiércol y basura, los tanques donde se almacena el gas se caracterizan por su limpieza y los residuos se emplean como fertilizante; por último, los campesinos, en especial las mujeres, pueden dedicar a otras labores agrícolas el tiempo que antes dedicaban a recoger leña

Variation of antimicrobial activity of the sponge Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) and its relation to associated fauna

The sponge Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) was studied to determine if it produces different levels of antibiotic activity during an annual cycle, and to try to establish some ecological relations of this phenomenon. Monthly collections of sponges were made at Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Mexico from May 1989 to June 1990. Bioassays of antimicrobial susceptibility were carried out and densities of the associated organisms were recorded. Antibiotic activity levels of the sponge correlated with inquilism level. Because antimicrobial activity was always found, we believe that metabolites are produced continuously, although the sponge is probably able to change the substance production mechanism in the presence of a particular stimulus. The massive reproduction of the associated invertebrates and the arrival of large quantities of organisms over a short time could be important stress factors for the sponge and a stimulus that modifies the production of secondary metabolites

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on water quality modelling of Aguamilpa reservoir

The use of water quality models is determined to a great extent by their ability to accurately reproduce observed data series and by their predictive capability without the need to adjust the calibrated parameters. However, the observed abiotic variables involved in a system are measured with a level of uncertainty. The sensitivity analysis concepts and generalized methodology of uncertainty analysis were used via a computer tool called UNCSIM. As a first step, a parametric optimization model of the Aguamilpa reservoir water quality was accomplished. The aforementioned analysis identified that the wind sheltering coefficient (WSC), Chezy bottom friction solution (FRICC), and coefficient of bottom heat exchange (CBHE) were the parameters of the CE-QUAL-W2 model that significantly influenced the behaviour of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration in the reservoir. Afterwards, the uncertainty of the water quality model was evaluated through the modification of the hydrological and climatological information, which had a major influence on the simulation of the system. This analysis showed the possible changes in hydrodynamic and water quality characteristics of the reservoir, including an increase in the thermocline due to a possible air temperature increase and a rainfall decrease in the region. The innovative coupling routine of the different modules for the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis developed in this research establishes the basis for the future development of a modelling platform to conduct water quality simulations of the Aguamilpa reservoir in real time through continuous meteorological and water discharge information. </p