Kinect as an access device for people with cerebral palsy: A preliminary study

Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders affecting the development of movement and posture, causingactivity limitation. Access to technology can alleviate some of these limitations. Many studies have used vision- based movement capture systems to overcome problems related to discomfort and fear of wearing devices. Incontrast, there has been no research assessing the behavior of vision-based movement capture systems in peoplewith involuntary movements. In this paper, we look at the potential of the Kinect sensor as an assistive technologyfor people with cerebral palsy. We developed a serious game, called KiSens Números, to study the behavior ofKinect in this context and eighteen subjects with cerebral palsy used it to complete a set of sessions. The resultsof the experiments show that Kinect filters some of peoples involuntary movements, confirming the potential ofKinect as an assistive technology for people with motor disabilities

Editorial: Examining bias-based cyberaggression and cybervictimization from a cross-cultural perspective

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Loot box engagement: A scoping review of primary studies on prevalence and association with problematic gaming and gambling

Sixteen primary empirical studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies used cross-sectional designs, and most used convenience samples. Twelve study samples were comprised exclusively of gamers, and two were comprised of gamers and/or gamblers. Only six studies included adolescents. The annual prevalence rate of loot box purchases was higher for adult gamers than for adolescents (22.7%-44.2% and 20%-33.9%, respectively), but in studies with general population samples, the opposite was true (24.9% for players aged 13-14 versus 7.8% for adults). In general, the studies suggested a significant positive relationship between engagement with loot boxes and problematic gaming and gambling, but this may be related to the type of engagement (open/purchase/sell), and the characteristics of the study participants (male/female, adolescents/adults, gamers/gamers-gamblers/general population). Conclusions This scoping review summarizes the results of recent empirical studies on engagement with loot boxes and discusses how methodological issues may affect their results and interpretation. Recommendations for future research are also provided.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, RTI2018-094212-B-I00: (CIBERAACC), and by the International University of La Rioja, Project "Cyberpsychology" (2017-2020) and Project "DOMIN-US" (2020-2022). There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Safety.Net: A Pilot Study on a Multi-Risk Internet Prevention Program

Many programs exist to prevent bullying and cyberbullying. Nevertheless, despite evidence of the numerous overlapping risks of the Internet, programs that jointly and adequately address large sets of risks are not presently described in the scientific literature. This study’s main objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Safety.net program in a pilot sample. This program prevents eight Internet risks: cyberbullying, sexting, online grooming, cyber dating abuse, problematic Internet use, nomophobia, Internet gaming disorder, and online gambling disorder. The Safety.net program comprises 16 sessions and 4 modules (digital skills, relational risks, dysfunctional risks, and change of attitudes and cognitions). Each session lasts one hour, but the program has a networked instructional design to recall previous content in later sessions. For its assessment, a pre/post-test repeated measures design with a control group and an intervention group was used. The study sample was 165 adolescents between 11 and 14 years old (M = 12.11, SD = 0.89). The intervention group demonstrated improvements compared to the control group concerning online grooming, problematic Internet use, Internet gaming disorder, and nomophobia. These results suggest that the Safety.net program is effective in preventing the increase of most of the assessed risks and that it reduces some of them with a small number of sessions.This research was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain (RTI2018-094212-B-I00) and the International University of la Rioja (Project “Ciberpsicología (Trienio 2017–2020)”)

Presentation: Bullying and Internet risks: diagnosis, prevention and intervention

Peer victimization is a very relevant educational, social, and health problem. In recent decades, the educational system and society have advanced in addressing and preventing these problems. However, we are still far from having safe centers where there is no discrimination for any reason. In this sense, it should be made explicit that all the problems in the educational field are important but bullying and cyberbullying are among the few that imply great suffering for those who endure them (and their families), and, in some cases, can even cost human lives. Thus, all the actors (educators, psychologists, health personnel, families, and those involved) must work together to prevent and intervene in bullying. In this situation, researchers must be a cornerstone in its resolution. Thanks to our work, the prevalence, incidence, and stability of bullying and the protection and vulnerability factors involved are known. Also, numerous prevention and intervention programs have been carried out with evidence of effectiveness. In this sense, thanks to the Journal of Education, we, the guest editors, launched a monograph entitled “Bullying and Internet Risks: diagnosis, prevention, and intervention.” For this purpose, we launched an open call and invited research groups with an outstanding national trajectory. We are grateful for the number of manuscripts received (31) from Spain, Italy, and various Latin American countries. The final acceptance rate was less than 25%, and we feel that many high-quality works were left out for space reasons. We appreciate the work of more than 40 reviewers from more than twenty universities who have supported the initiative and improved the published manuscripts through their excellent work. After this process, we selected seven manuscripts that we present herein and that we believe fully respond to the objectives we imposed on ourselves. In the first place, and responding to the objective of the diagnosis, an article is presented that, through a very large sample (+10k students of Secondary Education), builds and validates a scale of self-perception and perception of bullying. It is necessary to provide the educational community with rigorously validated tools that, as in this case, allow knowing the students’ perception of bullying. In addition, we wanted to highlight the joint actions within the framework of the Master Plan for coexistence and improvement of security in educational centers, as it is crucial to increase minors’ and young people’s trust in the State Security Forces and Corps. Next are three systematic reviews (SR) of cyberbullying, the Internet relational risk with the highest presence in the manuscripts submitted. The first SR focuses on the relationship of cyberbullying with suicidal behavior, associating the two problems and highlighting the harmful nature of cyberbullying. The second SR emphasizes cyberbullying and different executive functions and their relationship with the roles of cybervictim or cyberbully. Finally, another SR on qualitative studies is presented, which highlights the role of the family and the parents’ perception of the phenomenon of cyberbullying, which can be useful in prevention and intervention programs. To conclude, the monograph is also fortunate to have several empirical studies that are unique concerning the nature of their design and the theme chosen. The first presents a longitudinal study (6 months) with students of Primary Education (much less studied than students of later stages). The data obtained show the relevance of social support and socio-emotional competences for the prevention of cybervictimization. The second one is a multilevel study that analyzes the effect of the group-class on cybervictimization in Secondary students, using an unusual level of analysis in the literature and of utmost importance for prevention and intervention strategies. Finally, and as a closing of the monograph, we present an investigation on another relevant relational risk of the Internet: cyber dating abuse. It highlights the prevalence of this problem and its relationship with cyberbullying. After all the above, we wished to collect articles in the monograph that address different areas, with varying levels of action and varied methodologies. We sincerely hope that this compendium will allow other researchers to update their knowledge and will humbly contribute to understanding a problem about which much remains to be done. Finally, we want to thank all the authors for their participation and interest, the reviewers for kindly sharing their time to improve the quality of the works, and the editorial team of the Revista de Educación for their support, sensitivity, and scope in a topic as relevant as this. Hopefully, this monograph helps contribute to the emotional well-being and quality of life of our most important capital: our children and adolescents.La victimización entre iguales es un problema educativo, social y de salud de gran relevancia. El sistema educativo y la sociedad ha avanzado en las últimas décadas en el abordaje y prevención de estas problemáticas, pero aún estamos lejos de tener centros seguros en los que no haya discriminación por razón alguna. En este sentido cabe hacer explícito que todas las problemáticas en el ámbito educativo son importantes, pero el acoso y el ciberacoso son de los pocos que suponen un alto sufrimiento para quiénes los padecen (y sus familias) y, en algunos casos, puede llegar incluso a costar vidas humanas. En este sentido, es necesaria labor conjunta de todos los actores (educadores/as, psicólogos/as, personal sanitario, familias, implicados/as…) a la hora de prevenir e intervenir sobre el mismo. Ante esta situación, los investigadores debemos ser una pieza angular en su resolución, ya que gracias a nuestra labor se conoce la prevalencia, incidencia y estabilidad, así como los factores de protección y vulnerabilidad implicados, y se han llevado a cabo, entre otros, numerosos programas de prevención e intervención con evidencias de efectividad. En este sentido, gracias a la Revista de Educación, los editores invitados lanzamos un monográfico titulado “Acoso escolar y riesgos de Internet: diagnóstico, prevención e intervención”. Para ello se lanzó una convocatoria abierta y también se contactó por invitación con grupos de investigación con una sobresaliente trayectoria a nivel nacional. Debemos agradecer la cantidad de manuscritos recibidos (31) tanto de España, Italia, como de diferentes países latinoamericanos. La tasa de aceptación final ha sido inferior al 25% y sentimos que muchos trabajos de alta calidad hayan quedado fuera por motivos de espacio. Agradecemos la labor de más de 40 revisores, de más de una veintena de universidades, que han apoyado la iniciativa y mejorado con su buen hacer los manuscritos publicados. Tras todo este proceso, se ha derivado una selección de siete manuscritos que se presentan hoy aquí, y que creemos dan cumplida respuesta a los objetivos que nos imponíamos. En primer lugar, y respondiendo al objetivo del diagnóstico, se presenta un artículo que, a través de una amplísima muestra (+10k estudiantes de Educación Secundaria), construye y valida la una escala de autopercepción y percepción del acoso escolar. Es necesario poner al servicio de la comunidad educativa herramientas rigurosamente validadas que, como en este caso, permitan conocer la percepción respecto al acoso del propio estudiantado. Además, queríamos poner en valor las acciones conjuntas en el marco del Plan Director para la convivencia y mejora de la seguridad en los centros educativos, ya que es importante aumentar la confianza de menores y jóvenes en las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado. A continuación, se presentan tres revisiones sistémicas (RS) en relación con el ciberacoso, que ha sido el riesgo relacional de Internet que más presencia ha tenido en los manuscritos enviados. La primera RS se centra en la relación del ciberacoso con la conducta suicida asociando ambas problemáticas y poniendo de manifiesto lo pernicioso del problema. La segunda RS pone el énfasis en el ciberacoso y diferentes funciones ejecutivas y su relación con los roles de cibervíctima o ciberagresor. Por último, se presenta otra RS sobre estudios cualitativos donde se resalta el papel de la familia y la percepción que los padres y madres tienen del fenómeno del ciberacoso que puede ser de utilidad en programas de prevención e intervención. Para cerrar, el monográfico tiene también la fortuna de contar con varios estudios empíricos que son singulares por la naturaleza de su diseño y la temática escogida. El primero presenta un estudio longitudinal con alumnado de Educación Primaria (mucho menos estudiado que el alumnado de etapas ulteriores) durante seis meses. Los datos obtenidos muestran la relevancia del apoyo social y las competencias socioemocionales a la hora de prevenir la cibervictimización. En segundo es un estudio multinivel que analiza el efecto del grupo-clase sobre la cibervictimización en estudiantes de Secundaria permitiendo un nivel de análisis poco habitual en la literatura y de suma importancia para las estrategias de prevención e intervención. Por último, y como cierre del monográfico, presentamos una investigación sobre otro relevante riesgo relacional de Internet: la ciberviolencia en el noviazgo. En este, se pone de relieve la prevalencia de este problema y su relación con el ciberacoso. Tras todo lo expuesto, en el monográfico se han querido recoger artículos que abordan diferentes áreas, con niveles de acción diferentes y con metodologías variadas. Deseamos de corazón que este compendio permita a otros/as investigadores/as actualizar sus conocimientos y contribuir humildemente a la comprensión de un problema sobre el que aún queda mucho por hacer. Por último, queremos agradecer a todos los autores su participación e interés, a los revisores por compartir amablemente su tiempo en mejorar la calidad de los trabajos y al equipo editorial de la Revista de Educación por su apoyo, sensibilidad y alcance de miras en una temática tan relevante como esta. Ojalá este monográfico contribuya de alguna manera al bienestar emocional y la calidad de vida de nuestro capital más importante: nuestros niños y adolescentes

Problematic online gambling among adolescents: A systematic review about prevalence and related measurement issues

.Background and aims Despite its illegality among adolescents, online gambling is a common practice, which puts their mental health and well-being at serious risk. This systematic review summarises international scientific literature from the last 20 years on problematic online gambling among adolescents (11–21 years old) to determine its prevalence and to analyse related measurement issues. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and a protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, IC: CRD42020162932). Five academic databases were consulted, which resulted in an initial sample of 658 papers. Results Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies were cross-sectional and targeted students from elementary school, secondary school or university. Most followed a convenience sampling procedure. The primary measurement instruments used were the DSM-IV-MR-J and SOGS-RA. Between 0.77% and 57.5% of adolescents present some degree of problematic online gambling (problem, pathological or disordered) depending on the instruments used, the study samples and the timeframe analysed. Between 0.89% and 1% of adolescents exhibited an online gambling disorder. Discussion and conclusion There is a great heterogeneity in the methodology of the reviewed studies (samples, measurement instruments, cut-off points and criteria applied). The limited number of studies and the limited generalizability of their results suggest the need for further research and for development of specific instruments to assess different levels of problematic online gambling in representative samples of adolescents based on clinical ‘gold standard’ criteria and more accurate cut-off points.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, RTI2018-094212-B-I00: (CIBER-AACC), and by the International University of La Rioja, Project “Cyberpsychology (Triennium 2017–2020)”

Variables familiares relacionadas con el bullying y el cyberbullying: una revisión sistemática

Objective. To review studies that have analyzed the relationship of bullying and cyberbullying with the familycontext. Method. PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews was used in all documents registered in the mainpsychology databases featuring the keywords bullying/cyberbullying and family/parents, between 2004 and2017. Seventy-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Results. The review revealed the following familiarvariables associated with each role. Victims of bullying: authoritarian, punitive, negligent, or permissive parents; dysfunctional homes, low family harmony, conflicts, poor parent-child communication; criticism, low parental support/attention, or overprotection. Cyber-victims: authoritarian or negligent parents; family conflicts, low parental support, distant parents, negative emotional bonding with parents. Bullies: authoritarian, punitive or permissive parents; dysfunctional homes, parental conflicts, domestic violence; rejection, criticism, and little parental affection. Cyberbullies: authoritarian, negligent or permissive parents, and family conflicts. Protective factors: democratic, balanced parents; no domestic conflicts, family cohesion, quality interactions, easy parentchild communication, parents support and care for their children, close-knit relationships, and foster secure attachment. Conclusion. Some family variables may be relevant, although the probability of becoming a victim or aggressor of bullying and cyberbullying may be influenced by other factors.Objetivo. Revisar los estudios que han analizado la relación de bullying/cyberbullying con variables delcontexto familiar. Método. Revisión sistemática, basada en el protocolo Prisma, de los documentos registrados en las principales bases de datos de psicología, que incluían las palabras clave bullying/cyberbullying y familia/padres, entre 2004 y 2017. Setenta y cuatro artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados. La revisión evidenció las siguientes variables familiares asociadas con cada rol: (a) víctimas de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos; hogares disfuncionales, baja armonía familiar, conflictos, pobre comunicación; reciben muchas críticas, bajo apoyo/atención parental o sobreprotección; (b) cibervíctimas: padres/madres autoritarios o negligentes, conflictos familiares, bajo apoyo parental, padres/madres distantes, vínculos emocionales negativos; (c) agresores de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos, hogares disfuncionales, conflictos entre padres/madres, violencia doméstica, reciben rechazo, crítica y poco afecto parental; (d) ciberagresores: padres/madres autoritarios, negligentes o permisivos, y conflictos familiares. Por último, resultaron factores protectores: padres/madres democráticas, equilibrados, sin conflictos domésticos, cohesión familiar, interacciones de calidad, fácil comunicación padres-hijos, padres/madres apoyan a sus hijos, son cercanos y fomentan el apego seguro. Conclusión. Algunas variables familiares pueden ser relevantes, aunque en la probabilidad de convertirse en víctima o agresor de bullying y cyberbullying influyan otros factores, como los personales

A systematic review on nomophobia prevalence: Surfacing results and standard guidelines for future research.

[EN]Mobile phones allow us to stay connected with others and provide us a sense of security. We can work, chat with family and friends, take pictures, buy clothes or books, and even control home appliances. They play such a significant role in our lives that we feel anxious without them. In some cases, the relationship between humans and these communication devices have become problematic. Nomophobia (NMP) is the fear of becoming incommunicable, separated from the mobile phone and losing connection to the Internet. Since this social phobia was coined in the first decade of the XXI century, a growing number of studies have studied it and reported the prevalence of this technology-related problem. However, this research activity has generated mixed results regarding how we assess and report nomophobia and who may be at a higher risk of suffering or developing it. We conducted a systematic review of 108 studies published in English and Spanish and collected them in Parsifal. We searched for assessment and prevalence data on nomophobia. Also, we looked at gender and age differences to identify risk factors and see if these differences exist and emerge worldwide. In this study, we find that women and younger individuals suffer more from nomophobia. The disparity in reporting the prevalence of nomophobia is enormous since the percentages of "at-risk" participants go from 13% to 79%, and participants suffering from it are between 6% and 73%, being the score in the range of 45.5 and 93.82. Within the group of nomophobic people, moderate cases vary between 25.7% and 73.3%, and severe cases, between 1% and 87%. Such disparity is due to differences in assessment criteria. Females and young people seem to be more vulnerable to nomophobia although methodological disparity makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. We conclude our review by recommending some common guidelines for guiding future research.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, RTI2018-094212-B I00: (CIBER-AACC), and PID2019-107589GB-I00, and it was also supported by the International University of La Rioja, Project Cyberpsychology (Triennium 2017-2020)

Los efectos de una intervención preventiva breve en ciberacoso y grooming en adolescentes

El desarrollo de intervenciones breves y económicas que reduzcan las conductas de riesgo en la adolescencia constituye un desafío para la investigación actual. Este estudio aborda la prevención de dos problemas de comportamiento online en adolescentes (ciberacoso y grooming en Internet). Dos estudios piloto evaluaron los efectos de una intervención de una hora que combinó autoafirmaciones (AA) con la teoría incremental de la personalidad (TIP) en el ciberacoso y el grooming. En el estudio 1 participaron 339 adolescentes (51% chicos, edad media = 14.12 años, DT = 0.70), que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la intervención AA + TIP o una de dos condiciones de control. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica indicaron que la intervención AA + TIP redujo la reciprocidad entre la solicitud sexual y la interacción sexualizada con adultos, así como entre la victimización y la perpetración de ciberacoso. El estudio 2 incluyó a 214 adolescentes (50.3% chicos, edad media = 14.06 años, DT = 0.96), que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a AA + TIP o a una condición de control. Los análisis de modelos lineales jerárquicos indicaron que AA + TIP redujo la reciprocidad entre la solicitud sexual y la interacción sexualizada con adultos y redujo la perpetración de ciberacoso. Los estudios aportaron evidencia preliminar de las ventajas de la intervención AA + TIP.The development of brief and inexpensive interventions that reduce risky behaviors in adolescence constitute a challenge for current research. This study addresses the prevention of two online behavior problems in adolescents (cyberbullying and online grooming). Two pilot studies evaluated the effects of a 1-hour intervention, which combined self-affirmation (SA) with the incremental theory of personality (ITP), for cyberbullying and online grooming. Study 1 involved 339 adolescents (51% male, mean age = 14.12 years, SD = 0.70), who were randomly assigned to the SA + ITP intervention or one of two control conditions. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the SA + ITP intervention reduced the reciprocity between sexual solicitation and sexualized interaction with adults, as well as between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Study 2 included 214 adolescents (50.3% male, mean age = 14.06 years, SD = 0.96), who were randomly assigned to the SA + ITP or a control condition. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that the SA + ITP reduced the reciprocity between sexual solicitation and sexualized interaction with adults, and reduced cyberbullying perpetration. The studies provided preliminary evidence of the benefits of the SA + ITP intervention.This research was supported by a grant from the Fundación BBVA (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria) (Ref.PR[18]_SOC_0096) and from the Basque Country (Ref. IT982-16)