Hasta que naturalmente muera: ejecución pública en Chile colonial (1700-1810)

Son escasas las referencias sobre la práctica de la ejecución en el pasado colonial chileno,[1] sobre todo en lo que concierne a la participación y al comportamiento de la gente enfrentada al ceremonial del patíbulo

¿Veis aquí el Potro del tormento? ¡Decid la verdad! Tortura judicial en la Real Audiencia de Santiago de Chile

La tortura ha estado presente a largo de los siglos, tanto dentro como fuera de la ley. Durante el siglo XX esta realidad se nos ha presentado particularmente evidente y cruda en el acontecer mundial y nacional. La amplitud de este hecho nos ha llevado a preguntarnos por su ejercicio durante el período colonial en Chile, tema del cual daremos ciertas impresiones respecto de su práctica judicial. Ese tipo de tortura, llamada también cuestión de tormento, se define como «una prueba en el proceso penal, la cual era subsidiaria y reiterable, y estaba destinada a provocar por medios violentos la confesión de culpabilidad de aquel contra quien hubiera ciertos indicios; o dirigida a veces, a obtener la acusación del reo contra sus cómplices, o también a forzar las declaraciones de los testigos».[1] Para tratar lo anterior nos hemos basado en el material encontrado tras la revisión de juicios por homicidio contenidos en el archivo de la Real Audiencia de Santiago. El período estudiado va desde el siglo XVII hasta la primera década del XIX

Emissions of Fe(II) and its kinetic of oxidation at Tagoro submarine volcano, El Hierro

The eruptive process that took place in October 2011 in the submarine volcano Tagoro off the Island of El Hierro and the subsequent degasification stage, five months later, have increased the concentration of TdFe(II) (Total dissolved iron(II)) in thewaters nearest to the volcanic edifice. In order to detect any variation in concentrations of TdFe(II) due to hydrothermal emissions, three cruiseswere carried out two years after the eruptive process in October 2013,March 2014 andMay 2015. The results fromthese cruises confirmed important positive anomalies in TdFe(II), which coincided with negatives anomalies in pHF,is (pH in free scale, at in situ conditions) located in the proximity of themain cone. Maximumvalues in TdFe(II) both at the surface, associated to chlorophyll a maximum, and at the sea bottom, were also observed, showing the important influence of organic complexation and particle re-suspension processes. Temporal variability studies were carried out over periods ranging from hours to days in the stations located over themain and two secondary cones in the volcanic edifice with positive anomalies in TdFe(II) concentrations and negative anomalies in pHF,is values. Observations showed an important variability in both pHF,is and TdFe(II) concentrations, which indicated the volcanic area was affected by a degasification process that remained in the volcano after the eruptive phase had ceased. Fe(II) oxidation kinetic studies were also undertaken in order to analyze the effects of the seawater properties in the proximities of the volcano on the oxidation rate constants and t1/2 (half-life time) of ferrous iron. The increased TdFe(II) concentrations and the low associated pHF,is values acted as an important fertilization event in the seawater around the Tagoro volcano at the Island of El Hierro providing optimal conditions for the regeneration of the area.En prens

The Role of a Double Molecular Anchor on the Mobility and Self-Assembly of Thiols on Au(111): The Case of Mercaptobenzoic Acid

The dynamics of the self-assembly process of thiol molecules on Au(111) is affected by the interplay between molecule–substrate and molecule–molecule interactions. Therefore, it is interesting to explore the effect of a second anchor to the gold surface, in addition to the S atom, on both the order and the feasibility of phase transitions in self-assembled monolayers. To assess the role of an additional O anchor, we have compared the adsorption of two mercaptobenzoic acid isomers, 2-mercaptobenzoic acid (2-MBA) and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA), on Au(111). Results from scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques, and density functional theory calculations show that the additional O anchor in 2-MBA hinders surface mobility, reducing domain size and impeding the molecular reorganization involved in phase transition to denser phases on the Au(111) substrates. This knowledge can help to predict the range order and molecular density of the thiol SAM depending on the chemical structure of the adsorbate.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicada

Banco de La Concepción: A new Natura 2000 Marine Site off Canary Islands

The main objective of the LIFE+ INDEMARES project is to contribute to the protection and sustainable use of the biodiversity in the Spanish seas through the identification of valuable areas for the Natura 2000 Network. The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been in charge of implementing scientific surveys to map sensitive habitats of seven of the ten INDEMARES areas, and to determine the fisheries footprint over these areas. Banco de La Concepci´on is one of the areas chosen to be depicted in the frame of INDEMARES project. Located at 71 km to the NE of Lanzarote, at the coordinates 29º 55’ Latitude N and 12º 45’ Longitude W, Banco de la Concepci´on raises from 2,541 m up to its summit at 170 m deep. The biological richness of Banco de la Concepci´on is very influenced by the deep water up-welling phenomena, which create a high productivity, attracting a multitude of pelagic species, such as cetaceans, turtles, sharks, and tunas looking for food. In its vicinity, fishery resources such as goraz, anglerfish, and hakes, are abundant, and a rich invertebrate fauna cohabits in their bottoms. Banco de la Concepci´on is a traditional fishing area of oceanic pelagic species, and very good to catch demersal fish; it is highly visited by Galician and Portuguese drifters and long liners that fish in Mauritania, and mainly by the Andalusian longliners. In general, its main impacts are related to uncontrolled fishing pressure. The available information on the anthropogenic impact of the area was scarce, and its level of research was very poor as well, before INDEMARES project. Methodology approach complies with a multidisciplinary perspective, having described the area from geological, oceanographic, biological and fisheries points of view. Several surveys have taken place since 2009 to 2013 at Banco de La Concepci´on waters. Traps, longlines, beam trawls, benthic dredges and box corers have been used to sample benthic fauna. These last two, plus EM 3002 multibeam echosounder, PS 18 parametric sub bottom profiler, EA600 monobeam sounder, Seapath 200 positioning sensor and SV Plus sound velocity calibration sensor were used to make a geophysical study which provides a range of environmental factors. CTD was used to depict physical conditions of the water column. Finally, Remote Operated Vehicle Liropus 2000 and different photogrammetric tugged sleds were used to make a great effort of visual sampling. Data from VMS (Vessel Monitoring System) were used, combined with interviews to users (fishers), to describe the fishery uses in the area. Results from all this field work provide enough information for the administrations to establish a new Natura 2000 area, trying to reconcile protection of biodiversity and artisanal local economic activities. This establishment should take place at the end of a process of public consultation to stakeholders which is taking place in the present and which will help to shape the future Management Plan which will give details about permitted and prohibited uses

Sensitive Habitats and fishing footprint off Canary Islands seamounts Amanay and El Banquete

The main objective of the LIFE+ INDEMARES project is to contribute to the protection and sustainable use of the biodiversity in the Spanish seas through the identification of valuable areas for the Natura 2000 Network. The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been in charge of implementing scientific surveys to map sensitive habitats of seven of the ten INDEMARES areas, and to determine the fisheries footprint over these areas. Sur y Oriente de Fuerteventura y Lanzarote is one of the areas chosen to be depicted in the frame of INDEMARES project, although the study about benthic habitats and fishery footprint carried by IEO has restricted to Amanay and El Banquete Seamounts. El Banquete really is the extension of southern continental shelf while Amanay seamount is located at 25 km from Jand´ıa Lighthouse (S of Fuerteventura) and 55 km from Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, at the coordinates 28º 07’ Latitude N and 14º 44’ LongitudeW, both volcanic buildings raise from more than 2,000 m up to their summits at 25-30 m deep, separated by a 1.500 m deep channel. The biological richness of Amanay and El Banquete seamounts is very influenced by the deep water up-welling phenomena, which create a high productivity, attracting a multitude of pelagic species, such as cetaceans, turtles, sharks, and tunas looking for food. There is also a high influence from Saharian up-welling. Both the seamounts tops and their vicinities are often visited by a large artisanal local fishing fleet which profits of their fishery resources; also a rich invertebrate fauna cohabits in their bottoms. In general, its main impacts are related to uncontrolled fishing pressure, and maritime navigation. The available information on the anthropogenic impact of the area was scarce, and its level of research was very poor as well, before INDEMARES project. Methodology approach complies with a multidisciplinary perspective, having described the area from geological, oceanographic, biological and fisheries points of view. Several surveys have taken place since 2009 to 2013 at Amanay and El Banquete waters. Traps, longlines, beam trawls, benthic dredges and box corers have been used to sample benthic fauna. These last two, plus EM 3002 multibeam echosounder, PS 18 parametric sub bottom profiler, EA600 monobeam sounder, Seapath 200 positioning sensor and SV Plus sound velocity calibration sensor were used to make a geophysical study which provides a range of environmental factors. CTD was used to depict physical conditions of the water column. Finally, different photogrammetric tugged sleds were used to make a great effort of visual sampling. Data from VMS (Vessel Monitoring System) were used, combined with interviews to users (fishers), landing samplings and scientific observation onboard, to describe the fishery uses in the area

Dinámica poblacional de nematodos fitopatógenos en plátano (Musa AAB) Dominico Hartón

Plátano-Musa sapientu

Influence of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the effect of smoking on genomewide methylation among subjects with metabolic syndrome

Pòster presentat al congrés " Epigenetics: Playing with the Gameof Life" celebrat al University Hospital Halle (Saale) entre els dies 13-15 de 2019.Tobacco smoking is an important risk factor for lung cancer, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases, among others. Moreover, smoking can speed up the normal aging process of several tissues increasing the biological age. Changes in methylation due to smoking have been demonstrated at several loci across the genome, particularly in long-term smokers (Figure 1). The most consistent association reported in different populations has been decreased methylation in smokers in comparison with non-smokers at the CpG cg05575921, located in the gene for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) located in chromosome 5