Inmigración y mercado laboral: aproximación a su estudio en la Comunidad de Madrid

In this article we study the role of the immigrant population in the labour market of the Community of Madrid. In the first place we analyze the structure by sex and age of this collective, as well as its levels of instruction. These socio demographic variables have repercussion in the rates of activity of the immigrants and in the possible labour niches that they tend to occupy. In this sense, there is a clear association among the variables of sex, origin and type of labour occupation. Also other characteristics related to the employment of immigrant population are observed, such as rates of unemployment, labour conditions, self-employment, etc.En este artículo se estudia el papel que la población inmigrante tiene en el mercado laboral de la Comunidad de Madrid. En primer lugar se analiza la estructura por edad y sexo de este colectivo, así como sus niveles de instrucción. Estas variables sociodemográficas tienen, sin duda, repercusión en las tasas de actividad de los inmigrantes y en los posibles nichos laborales que tienden a ocupar. En este sentido, existe una clara asociación entre las variables de sexo, procedencia y tipo de ocupación laboral. También se observan otras características relacionadas con el empleo de la población inmigrante, tales como sus tasas de paro, condiciones laborales, autoempleo, etc

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the N-terminal domain of Paenibacillus barcinonensis xylanase 10C containing the CBM22-1-CBM22-2 tandem

© 2015 International Union of Crystallography. A construct containing the CBM22-1-CBM22-2 tandem forming the N-terminal domain of Paenibacillus barcinonensis xylanase 10C (Xyn10C) has been purified and crystallized. A xylan-binding function and an affinity for mixed β-1,3/β-1,4 glucans have previously been demonstrated for some members of the CBM22 family. The sequence of the tandem is homologous to the N-terminal domains found in several thermophilic enzymes. Crystals of this tandem were grown by the streak-seeding method after a long optimization strategy. The structure has been determined by molecular replacement to a resolution of 2.43Å and refinement is under way. This study represents the first structure containing two contiguous CBM22 modules, which will contribute to a better understanding of the role that this multiplicity plays in fine-tuning substrate affinity.Peer Reviewe

Comprehensive characterization of industrial wastewaters using EEM fluorescence, FT-IR and 1H NMR techniques

The organic matter present in six industrial wastewaters (pulp and paper mill, brewery, textile, dairy, slaughterhouse effluents and a municipal landfill leachate) has been studied in this work using three analytical techniques: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pulp and paper mill effluent shows characteristic signals of the presence of lignins, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, as well as sulfate, carbonate and sulfonates (coming from surfactants used in the cleaning of tanks). The main constituents of the brewery effluent are peptides and proteins coming mainly from spent yeast and diatomite filters (the presence of the latter was confirmed by Sisingle bondO bands in the FTIR spectrum). The municipal landfill leachate is characterized by the majority presence of humic substances (typical of an old landfill) and a residual presence of small peptides, amino acids and carboxylic acids. Additionally, several inorganic compounds were identified by FTIR, such as nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and cyanide ions. The textile effluent from a cotton-based industry contains carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and sulfonates, which can act as auxochromes in the textile industry. The dairy effluent comprises amino acids and small peptides coming from the biodegradation of milk and whey in addition to carbohydrates (lactose) and carboxylic acids (mainly lactic acid). The presence of tyrosine-like peaks B in the EEMF spectrum of the slaughterhouse effluent indicates the existence of small peptides and amino acids coming from the biodegradation of blood proteins. Additionally, residual glucose, fatty acids, phosphate and sulfate were also identified in this effluent

Estructura genética de poblaciones de Phytophthora capsici en el noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Phytophthora capsici causa enfermedades destructivas en todo el mundo. El patógeno es heterotálico y los dos tipos de apareamiento (TAs) son requeridos para la reproducción sexual. La razón de TAs varía entre regiones geográficas y por lo tanto también la chance para reproducirse sexualmente. Si se toma en cuenta que la durabilidad de las medidas de control depende de la variación genética, es aconsejable considerar la cantidad y la distribución de variación genética dentro y entre poblaciones de especies, es decir, la estructura genética. Esta está determinada por factores que influencian la evolución poblacional como la mutación, la deriva genética, el flujo genético, el sistema de reproducción y de selección. En este sentido, poco se conoce sobre las poblaciones de P. capsici en Argentina. El objetivo fue evaluar la variabilidad genética de aislamientos de P. capsici de tres sitios de producción hortícola del NE de Buenos Aires. Sesenta y un aislamientos de P. capsici colectados de cultivos de Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum y Cucurbita spp. fueron identificados morfológicamente y analizados por tipo de reproducción. Los aislamientos fueron identificados por técnicas moleculares basadas en las secuencias de las regiones ITS1-5.8S e ITS2 del ADNr. Se definieron los haplotipos para cada aislamiento y los parámetros poblacionales fueron estimados por zona geográfica y por especie hospedante junto con el número mínimo de eventos de recombinación. Las desviaciones de la coalescencia básica fueron estimadas a través de Tajima´s D.; la estructura genética fue evaluada subsecuentemente a través de pruebas de AMOVA y de estimadores de Fst. La reconstrucción de redes filogenéticas fue analizada con la intención de evaluar las relaciones genealógicas entre haplotipos. Todos los aislamientos mostraron características morfológicas y genéticas típicas de P. capsici y pertenecieron al TA A1. No se evidenció una estructura genética cuando fueron incluidas como criterio de partición las especies hospedantes. Sin embargo, la partición geográfica permitió evidenciar alguna estructuración entre poblaciones, con la excepción de Exaltación de La Cruz que resultó el sitio más contrastante con respecto a ambos estimadores de índices de fijación. Al mismo tiempo, esta ubicación redituó los estimadores más bajos de diversidad, lo que probablemente refleja su origen reciente como zona hortícola. Dos a tres eventos de recombinación fueron detectados, lo que sugiere que la reproducción sexual podría haber influido sobre el proceso de diversificación en esta área. La estructura genética y los niveles de variación en esta región son opuestos a los resultados obtenidos por otros investigadores en la región centro oeste de Argentina y podría significar una amenaza para esta área de cultivo, al presente.Phytophthora capsici causes destructive diseases worldwide. The pathogen is heterothallic and the two mating types (MTs) are required for sexual reproduction. MTs rates vary amongst geographical regions and so does the chance for sexual reproduction. Taking into account that the durability of control measures depends upon genetic variation, it is advisable to consider its structure within and between populations. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the genetic variability of P. capsici isolates from three horticultural production areas of the Northeast of Buenos Aires. Sixty one isolates of P. capsici collected from Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum and Cucurbita spp. crops were morphologically identified and analyzed for MTs. The isolates were further identified via molecular techniques based on the sequences of the ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 region of the ADNr. Haplotypes were defined for every isolate, and population parameterts were estimated both for geographic and hostspecies partitions, along with the minimum number of recombination events. Departures from the basic coalescent were estimated through Tajima´s D; the genetic structure was subsequently evaluated through AMOVA tests and Fst estimations. Phylogenetic network reconstruction was analysed in an attempt to assess genealogical relationships amongst haplotypes. All isolates showed morphological and genetic characteristics of P. capsici and belonged to the A1 MT. No genetic structure was detected when host-species was taken as a criterion for partition; on the other hand, geographic partition detected some structure among populations, with Exaltación de La Cruz resulting in the most contrasting site with regards to both fixation index estimates. At the same time, this location yielded the lowest estimates of diversity, probably reflecting its recent horticultural origin. Two to three recombination events were detected, suggesting that sexual reproduction could have been part of the diversification process in this area. The genetic structure and levels of variation in the region is opposite to what other researchers have found in Northwestern Argentina and could mean a threat to that breeding area now.Fil: Iribarren, María Josefina. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Borassi, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ferri, A.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: González, Beatriz Ángela. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Steciow, Mónica Mirta. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Guillín, Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentin

Evaluation of a Cryptococcal antigen Lateral Flow Assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis in Colombia

A Lateral Flow Assay to detect cryptococcal antigen (CrAg® LFA) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for the rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis was evaluated. A retrospective validation was performed. Sensitivity and specificity of the CrAg® LFA was 100%. High concordance (kappa index=1.0) between Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System (CALAS®) and CrAg® LFA was observed. CrAg® LFA showed higher analytical sensitivity for detecting low concentrations of cryptococcal antigen

Subclinical myocardial dysfunction is revealed by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome

Echocardiography; Lange syndrome; Myocardial dysfunctionEcocardiografia; Síndrome de Lange; Disfunció miocàrdicaEcocardiografía; Síndrome de Lange; Disfunción miocárdicaThis study assesses a possible cardiac dysfunction in individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) without diagnosed congenital heart disease (CHD) and its association with other factors. Twenty patients and 20 controls were included in the study divided into three age-dependent groups (A:  20 yrs), and were evaluated using conventional echocardiography, tissue doppler imaging (TDI), two-dimensional speckle tracking and genetic and biochemical analyses. The left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) was altered (< 15.9%) in 55% of patients, being pathological in the older group (A: 19.7 ± 6.6; B: -17.2 ± 4.7; C: -13.6 ± 2.9). The speckle tracking technique revealed a downward trend in the values of strain, strain rate and velocity, especially in the oldest group. Likewise, the ejection fraction (LVEF) and shortening fraction (LVFS) values, although preserved, also showed a decreased with age (p < 0.05). The analytical markers of cardiovascular risk and cardiac function showed no alterations. The molecular analyses revealed 16 individuals carrying pathogenic variants in NIPBL, two with variants in SMC1A, one with a variant in RAD21 and one with a HDAC8 variant. This is the first systematic approach that demonstrates that individuals with CdLS may present early cardiomyopathy, which can be detected by speckle tracking technique even before the appearance of clinical symptoms and the alteration of other echocardiographic or analytical parameters. For all these reasons, cardiological followup is suggested even in the absence of CHD, especially from adolescence onwards.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature

Comparative Analysis of Muscle Transcriptome between Pig Genotypes Identifies Genes and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated to Growth, Fatness and Metabolism.

Iberian ham production includes both purebred (IB) and Duroc-crossbred (IBxDU) Iberian pigs, which show important differences in meat quality and production traits, such as muscle growth and fatness. This experiment was conducted to investigate gene expression differences, transcriptional regulation and genetic polymorphisms that could be associated with the observed phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs. Nine IB and 10 IBxDU pigs were slaughtered at birth. Morphometric measures and blood samples were obtained and samples from Biceps femoris muscle were employed for compositional and transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq technology. Phenotypic differences were evident at this early age, including greater body size and weight in IBxDU and greater Biceps femoris intramuscular fat and plasma cholesterol content in IB newborns. We detected 149 differentially expressed genes between IB and IBxDU neonates (p &lt; 0.01 and Fold-Change &gt; 1. 5). Several were related to adipose and muscle tissues development (DLK1, FGF21 or UBC). The functional interpretation of the transcriptomic differences revealed enrichment of functions and pathways related to lipid metabolism in IB and to cellular and muscle growth in IBxDU pigs. Protein catabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis and immune system were functions enriched in both genotypes. We identified transcription factors potentially affecting the observed gene expression differences. Some of them have known functions on adipogenesis (CEBPA, EGRs), lipid metabolism (PPARGC1B) and myogenesis (FOXOs, MEF2D, MYOD1), which suggest a key role in the meat quality differences existing between IB and IBxDU hams. We also identified several polymorphisms showing differential segregation between IB and IBxDU pigs. Among them, non-synonymous variants were detected in several transcription factors as PPARGC1B and TRIM63 genes, which could be associated to altered gene function. Taken together, these results provide information about candidate genes, metabolic pathways and genetic polymorphisms potentially involved in phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs associated to meat quality and production traits

Monitoring the performance of wastewater treatment plants for organic matter removal using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence

This study has assessed the usefulness of excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) as a fast and simple analytical technique to track changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the sequence of treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Three different industrial wastewaters and treatment plants have been studied in this work: an industrial park wastewater treated in an independent line at the Burgos WWTP (Spain), a food industry wastewater (crisps and snacks manufacturing) that was treated in a MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) pilot plant (University of Burgos) and a municipal landfill leachate treated in a physicochemical treatment plant within the same landfill. Removal percentages for the wastewater organic matter at each stage of the treatment plants were successfully obtained by monitoring the main fluorescence peaks: protein-like peaks (tryptophan-like peaks T1, T2 and tyrosine-like peaks B1, B2), humic-like peaks (fulvic-like peak A and humic-like peak C) and microbially-derived peak M. Therefore, EEMF readily allows the assessment of the reactivity of the different types of organic matter towards specific treatments, such as clarification, biodegradation, filtration, etc. Among the wastewaters studied, the food industry wastewater exhibited the greater diversity of fluorescence peaks (B1, B2, T1, T2, A1, A2 and M) whereas the landfill leachate only showed the presence of humic substances (mainly humic-like peak C). This study has demonstrated that EEMF is a useful and user-friendly technique to monitor the performance of wastewater treatment plants for organic matter removal, allowing a rapid response to potential problems in the treatment

Estructura genética de poblaciones de <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> en el noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Phytophthora capsici causa enfermedades destructivas en todo el mundo. El patógeno es heterotálico y los dos tipos de apareamiento (TAs) son requeridos para la reproducción sexual. La razón de TAs varía entre regiones geográficas y por lo tanto también la chance para reproducirse sexualmente. Si se toma en cuenta que la durabilidad de las medidas de control depende de la variación genética, es aconsejable considerar la cantidad y la distribución de variación genética dentro y entre poblaciones de especies, es decir, la estructura genética. Esta está determinada por factores que influencian la evolución poblacional como la mutación, la deriva genética, el flujo genético, el sistema de reproducción y de selección. En este sentido, poco se conoce sobre las poblaciones de P. capsici en Argentina. El objetivo fue evaluar la variabilidad genética de aislamientos de P. capsici de tres sitios de producción hortícola del NE de Buenos Aires. Sesenta y un aislamientos de P. capsici colectados de cultivos de Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum y Cucurbita spp. fueron identificados morfológicamente y analizados por tipo de reproducción. Los aislamientos fueron identificados por técnicas moleculares basadas en las secuencias de las regiones ITS1-5.8S e ITS2 del ADNr. Se definieron los haplotipos para cada aislamiento y los parámetros poblacionales fueron estimados por zona geográfica y por especie hospedante junto con el número mínimo de eventos de recombinación. Las desviaciones de la coalescencia básica fueron estimadas a través de Tajima´s D.; la estructura genética fue evaluada subsecuentemente a través de pruebas de AMOVA y de estimadores de Fst. La reconstrucción de redes filogenéticas fue analizada con la intención de evaluar las relaciones genealógicas entre haplotipos. Todos los aislamientos mostraron características morfológicas y genéticas típicas de P. capsici y pertenecieron al TA A1. No se evidenció una estructura genética cuando fueron incluidas como criterio de partición las especies hospedantes. Sin embargo, la partición geográfica permitió evidenciar alguna estructuración entre poblaciones, con la excepción de Exaltación de La Cruz que resultó el sitio más contrastante con respecto a ambos estimadores de índices de fijación. Al mismo tiempo, esta ubicación redituó los estimadores más bajos de diversidad, lo que probablemente refleja su origen reciente como zona hortícola. Dos a tres eventos de recombinación fueron detectados, lo que sugiere que la reproducción sexual podría haber influido sobre el proceso de diversificación en esta área. La estructura genética y los niveles de variación en esta región son opuestos a los resultados obtenidos por otros investigadores en la región centro oeste de Argentina y podría significar una amenaza para esta área de cultivo, al presente.Phytophthora capsici causes destructive diseases worldwide. The pathogen is heterothallic and the two mating types (MTs) are required for sexual reproduction. MTs rates vary amongst geographical regions and so does the chance for sexual reproduction. Taking into account that the durability of control measures depends upon genetic variation, it is advisable to consider its structure within and between populations. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the genetic variability of P. capsici isolates from three horticultural production areas of the Northeast of Buenos Aires. Sixty one isolates of P. capsici collected from Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum and Cucurbita spp. crops were morphologically identified and analyzed for MTs. The isolates were further identified via molecular techniques based on the sequences of the ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 region of the ADNr. Haplotypes were defined for every isolate, and population parameterts were estimated both for geographic and hostspecies partitions, along with the minimum number of recombination events. Departures from the basic coalescent were estimated through Tajima´s D; the genetic structure was subsequently evaluated through AMOVA tests and Fst estimations. Phylogenetic network reconstruction was analysed in an attempt to assess genealogical relationships amongst haplotypes. All isolates showed morphological and genetic characteristics of P. capsici and belonged to the A1 MT. No genetic structure was detected when host-species was taken as a criterion for partition; on the other hand, geographic partition detected some structure among populations, with Exaltación de La Cruz resulting in the most contrasting site with regards to both fixation index estimates. At the same time, this location yielded the lowest estimates of diversity, probably reflecting its recent horticultural origin. Two to three recombination events were detected, suggesting that sexual reproduction could have been part of the diversification process in this area. The genetic structure and levels of variation in the region is opposite to what other researchers have found in Northwestern Argentina and could mean a threat to that breeding area now.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Estructura genética de poblaciones de <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> en el noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Phytophthora capsici causa enfermedades destructivas en todo el mundo. El patógeno es heterotálico y los dos tipos de apareamiento (TAs) son requeridos para la reproducción sexual. La razón de TAs varía entre regiones geográficas y por lo tanto también la chance para reproducirse sexualmente. Si se toma en cuenta que la durabilidad de las medidas de control depende de la variación genética, es aconsejable considerar la cantidad y la distribución de variación genética dentro y entre poblaciones de especies, es decir, la estructura genética. Esta está determinada por factores que influencian la evolución poblacional como la mutación, la deriva genética, el flujo genético, el sistema de reproducción y de selección. En este sentido, poco se conoce sobre las poblaciones de P. capsici en Argentina. El objetivo fue evaluar la variabilidad genética de aislamientos de P. capsici de tres sitios de producción hortícola del NE de Buenos Aires. Sesenta y un aislamientos de P. capsici colectados de cultivos de Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum y Cucurbita spp. fueron identificados morfológicamente y analizados por tipo de reproducción. Los aislamientos fueron identificados por técnicas moleculares basadas en las secuencias de las regiones ITS1-5.8S e ITS2 del ADNr. Se definieron los haplotipos para cada aislamiento y los parámetros poblacionales fueron estimados por zona geográfica y por especie hospedante junto con el número mínimo de eventos de recombinación. Las desviaciones de la coalescencia básica fueron estimadas a través de Tajima´s D.; la estructura genética fue evaluada subsecuentemente a través de pruebas de AMOVA y de estimadores de Fst. La reconstrucción de redes filogenéticas fue analizada con la intención de evaluar las relaciones genealógicas entre haplotipos. Todos los aislamientos mostraron características morfológicas y genéticas típicas de P. capsici y pertenecieron al TA A1. No se evidenció una estructura genética cuando fueron incluidas como criterio de partición las especies hospedantes. Sin embargo, la partición geográfica permitió evidenciar alguna estructuración entre poblaciones, con la excepción de Exaltación de La Cruz que resultó el sitio más contrastante con respecto a ambos estimadores de índices de fijación. Al mismo tiempo, esta ubicación redituó los estimadores más bajos de diversidad, lo que probablemente refleja su origen reciente como zona hortícola. Dos a tres eventos de recombinación fueron detectados, lo que sugiere que la reproducción sexual podría haber influido sobre el proceso de diversificación en esta área. La estructura genética y los niveles de variación en esta región son opuestos a los resultados obtenidos por otros investigadores en la región centro oeste de Argentina y podría significar una amenaza para esta área de cultivo, al presente.Phytophthora capsici causes destructive diseases worldwide. The pathogen is heterothallic and the two mating types (MTs) are required for sexual reproduction. MTs rates vary amongst geographical regions and so does the chance for sexual reproduction. Taking into account that the durability of control measures depends upon genetic variation, it is advisable to consider its structure within and between populations. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the genetic variability of P. capsici isolates from three horticultural production areas of the Northeast of Buenos Aires. Sixty one isolates of P. capsici collected from Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum and Cucurbita spp. crops were morphologically identified and analyzed for MTs. The isolates were further identified via molecular techniques based on the sequences of the ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 region of the ADNr. Haplotypes were defined for every isolate, and population parameterts were estimated both for geographic and hostspecies partitions, along with the minimum number of recombination events. Departures from the basic coalescent were estimated through Tajima´s D; the genetic structure was subsequently evaluated through AMOVA tests and Fst estimations. Phylogenetic network reconstruction was analysed in an attempt to assess genealogical relationships amongst haplotypes. All isolates showed morphological and genetic characteristics of P. capsici and belonged to the A1 MT. No genetic structure was detected when host-species was taken as a criterion for partition; on the other hand, geographic partition detected some structure among populations, with Exaltación de La Cruz resulting in the most contrasting site with regards to both fixation index estimates. At the same time, this location yielded the lowest estimates of diversity, probably reflecting its recent horticultural origin. Two to three recombination events were detected, suggesting that sexual reproduction could have been part of the diversification process in this area. The genetic structure and levels of variation in the region is opposite to what other researchers have found in Northwestern Argentina and could mean a threat to that breeding area now.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale