Immunohistochemical expression profiles of MUC1 and MUC2 mucins in urothelial tumors of bladder

Background: Mucins may show aberrant expression, localization, and/or glycosylation in multiple malignancies. However, information regarding expression of these mucins is mostly unknown in urothelial tumors. Aim: This study was conducted for examining the expressions of membrane associated and secreted mucin (MUC1) and a secreted gel-forming mucin (MUC2) in urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder. Subjects and Methods: Archival transurethral resection materials of 97 urothelial carcinoma cases were reexamined light microscopically and graded according to the 2004 WHO Classification. Pathological stage was given as pTa, pT1, and pT2. Demonstrative sections were recut for immunohistochemistry for MUC1 and MUC2. The results were statistically analyzed, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The positivity for MUC1 and MUC2 was 89.7\% and 44.3\%, respectively. Independent from pathological stage of the tumor, MUC1 expression showed statistically significant correlation with tumor grade (P < 0.05). We did not find any correlation between pathological stage and MUC1 and MUC2 expression (P > 0.05). MUC1 staining pattern in papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential cases was more commonly apical and superficial (luminal cell layer only). Intermediate cells +/- basal cells or isolated cells or islands of tumor cells with cytoplasmic and/or circumferential membrane positivity for MUC1 and MUC2 were more commonly observed in both low- and high-grade carcinomas. The difference between groups in terms of MUC1 and MUC2 staining was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The staining patterns of both mucins are different between urothelial papillary tumors and may be used to make a differentiation, especially for low-grade papillary urothelial lesions. This difference may also be important in the carcinomatous transformation of urothelial neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions

The effect of adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk in obesity-related breast cancer

Adipose tissue is the primary source of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in obesity. Macrophage numbers and pro-inflammatory gene expression are positively associated with adipocyte size. Free fatty acid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha involve in a vicious cycle between adipocytes and macrophages aggravating inflammatory changes. Thereby, M1 macrophages form a characteristic `crown-like structure (CLS)' around necrotic adipocytes in obese adipose tissue. In obese women, CLSs of breast adipose tissue are responsible for both increase in local aromatase activity and aggressive behavior of breast cancer cells. Interlinked molecular mechanisms between adipocyte-macrophage-breast cancer cells in obesity involve seven consecutive processes: Excessive release of adipocyte- and macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines, TSC1-TSC2 complex-mTOR crosstalk, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and excessive oxidative stress generation, uncoupled respiration and hypoxia, SIRT1 controversy, the increased levels of aromatase activity and estrogen production. Considering elevated risks of estrogen receptor (E2R)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer growth in obesity, adipocytemacrophage crosstalk is important in the aforementioned issues. Increased mTORC1 signaling in obesity ensures the strong activation of oncogenic signaling in E2R alpha-positive breast cancer cells. Since insulin and insulin-like growth factors have been identified as tumor promoters, hyperinsulinemia is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in breast cancer despite peripheral insulin resistance. The unpredictable effects of adipocyte-derived leptin-estrogen-macrophage axis, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-adipose-resident macrophage axis in obese postmenopausal patients with breast cancer are unresolved mechanistic gaps in the molecular links between the tumor growth and adipocytokines

Amyloidoma of the Bladder Mimicking a Bladder Tumor

WOS: 000505071500019Primary amyloidosis of the bladder is a rare disease reported in about 200 cases in the literature (1). Generally, this patients are admitted to the hospital with painless gross hematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms. Especially, symptomatic, radiological and cystoscopic findings of bladder amylodidosis and bladder cancer are similar. Neoplasia, hemorragic cystitis and lyphoma should be considered in differential diagnosis. Pathological diagnosis is imperative for the definitive diagnosis. Its pathophysiology is unknown, the prognosis is usually good and there is no specific treatment. Herein, we present the diagnosis and treatment of bladder amyloidosis, which is rare and mimics bladder cancer

Unusual Presentation of an Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Metastasizing to the Mandible, Including Molecular Analysis and a Review of the Literature

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metastases of non-small cell lung carcinoma to the oral and maxillofacial region are rare. Thus, the diagnosis of a metastatic lesion in the oral cavity is challenging to the clinician and to the pathologist. This report presents a case of a 72-year-old man with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma located in the posterior mandibular region. Next-generation sequencing analysis showed no important mutations in the relevant genes except in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. (C) 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Kidney biopsy in the elderly: diagnostic adequacy and yield

Purpose: The number of kidney biopsies (KB) performed in elderly patients has been increasing. Safety and usefulness of elderly KB have been well established, whereas much less is known about diagnostic adequacy and yield in this patient population. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of KBs in 428 patients from April 2015 to December 2017 at an academic institution. We compared KB from 50 patients aged over 64 (elderly) with KB from 378 patients aged between 18 and 64. Results: Gender ratio, body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP, creatinine values, incidences of AKI at the time of biopsy, INR/aptt values, and platelets were similar between the two groups. eGFR and number of transplant biopsies were lower in the elderly biopsy group. The glomerular yield was similar between the two groups (22 ± 14 vs. 22 ± 13, p = 0.869). The likelihood of obtaining more than ten glomeruli was 87% and 88%, respectively, without a significant difference. Inadequate samples were encountered in 6% of the elderly and 5.6% of the non-elderly KB, again without a significant difference. Samples taken by nephrologist had higher glomerular yield for both groups (25 ± 13 vs. 18 ± 12 overall, 26 ± 14 vs. 18 ± 14 for elderly, p < 0.001 both). Inadequate biopsies were lower in the nephrologist group when all patients were considered (3% vs. 9%, p = 0.025). Results were numerically similar for the elderly patients, but the difference was not statistically significant (2% vs. 8%, p = 0.322). No deaths occurred in both arms. Minor complications were not different for each group (4.5% vs. 4%). There were no major complications in elderly patients. However, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The world is aging, leading to an increased number of KB in older patients. KB in the elderly is a safe, effective, and an indispensable tool for the nephrologist. This study suggests there is no need to fear lower diagnostic adequacy in the decision making of a KB for an elderly patient

The crucial role of pathologist in determining the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma cases: An analysis of 502 cases with colorectal carcinoma by Turkish National Working Group of Gastrointestinal Pathology

WOS: 000249454600179

Carbonic anhydrase IX is a prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma multiforme

WOS: 000446328600001PubMed: 29952031The identification of prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents an area of increasing interest. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), a hypoxia marker, correlates with tumor progression in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of CA-IX in GBM remains largely unknown. in the present study, we evaluated the prognostic role of CA-IX in GBM patients. in total, 66 consecutive patients with GBM who received concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide were retrospectively reviewed, and all patients received temozolomide chemotherapy for at least 3 months. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used for analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was employed to identify factors with an independent effect on survival. the median OS was longer in patients with low levels of CA-IX expression (18 months) compared to patients overexpressing CA-IX (9 months) (P = 0.004). There was not a statistically significant difference in median PFS (3.5 vs. 8 months, P = 0.054) between patients with high or low levels of CA-IX expression. in multivariate analysis, the variables that were identified as significant prognostic factors for OS were preoperative Karnofsky performance scale score (KPS) (hazard ratio (HR), 3.703; P = 0.001), CA-IX overexpression (HR, 1.967; P = 0.019), and incomplete adjuvant temozolomide treatment (HR, 2.241; P = 0.003) and gross-total resection (HR, 1.956; P = 0.034). Our findings indicated that CA-IX may be a potential prognostic biomarker in the treatment of GBM

Effects of alprostadil and iloprost on renal, lung, and skeletal muscle injury following hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Arslan, Mustafa/0000-0003-4882-5063WOS: 000382210800001PubMed: 27601882Objectives: To evaluate the effects of alprostadil (prostaglandin [PGE1] analog) and iloprost (prostacyclin [PGI2] analog) on renal, lung, and skeletal muscle tissues after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in an experimental rat model. Materials and methods: Wistar albino rats underwent 2 hours of ischemia via infrarenal aorta clamping with subsequent 2 hours of reperfusion. Alprostadil and iloprost were given starting simultaneously with the reperfusion period. Effects of agents on renal, lung, and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) tissue specimens were examined. Results: Renal medullary congestion, cytoplasmic swelling, and mean tubular dilatation scores were significantly lower in the alprostadil-treated group than those found in the I/R-only group (P<0.0001, P=0.015, and P<0.01, respectively). Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, pulmonary partial destruction, consolidation, alveolar edema, and hemorrhage scores were significantly lower in alprostadil- and iloprost-treated groups (P=0.017 and P=0.001; P<0.01 and P<0.0001). Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration scores in skeletal muscle tissue were significantly lower in the iloprost-treated group than the scores found in the nontreated I/R group (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Alprostadil and iloprost significantly reduce lung tissue I/R injury. Alprostadil has more prominent protective effects against renal I/R injury, while iloprost is superior in terms of protecting the skeletal muscle tissue against I/R injury

The crucial role of pathologist in determining the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma cases: An analysis of 502 cases with colorectal carcinoma by Turkish National Working Group of Gastrointestinal Pathology

WOS: 00024945460017