Fertilidade do solo cultivado com café conilon após aplicação de esgoto doméstico tratado

At present the need for water and nutrients in agriculture is increasing, and this can become a problem because the high cost of fertilizers and low supply of water resources, requiring alternative sources of water and nutrients to maintain agricultural production. With the objective of evaluating the inputs nutrients and fertility soil after application of treated wastewater in an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee, an experiment under greenhouse conditions was carried out, from November 2010 until January 2011. The experiment was realized on a split-plot 13 x 4, with thirteen clones in plots and in the sub-plots three depths of domestic sewage, applied with a third, two-thirds and 100% of the crop water demand total, and a control level with water supply, in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Were evaluated the input nutrient soil by wastewater and its efficiency as nutritional source to coffee tree. There was an increased of the salinity soil, however, there was increased of magnesium, potassium, base saturation, sum of bases with application of treated wastewater, and thus, it’s concluded that the treated wastewater can reduce spending on fertilizers in the initial cultivation of conilon coffee tree.Atualmente, a necessidade em água e nutrientes na agricultura é grande, e isso pode se tornar um problema pelo alto custo dos fertilizantes e baixos suprimentos de recursos hídricos, requerendo recursos alternativos de água e nutrientes para manutenção da produção agrícola. Objetivando-se avaliar as entradas de nutrientes e a fertilidade do solo após aplicação de esgoto doméstico tratado, em um Latossolo cultivado com café conilon, um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação foi conduzido, de novembro de 2010 até janeiro de 2011. O experimento foi realizado sobre parcelassubdivididas 13 x 4, com 13 clones nas parcelas e 4 lâminas nas subparcelas, sendo três laminas de esgoto doméstico tratado com um terço, dois terços e 100% da demanda hídrica da cultura, e uma lâmina testemunha com água de abastecimento, em um delineamento completamente casualizado com três repetições. Dessa maneira, foi avaliado o aporte de nutrientes no solo pela água residuária e seu efeito na fertilidade do solo. Houve incremento da salinidade do solo, todavia, houve aumento de magnésio, potássio, saturação por bases e da soma de bases do solo no solo com aplicação da água residuária tratada, dessa forma demonstrando que o esgoto doméstico tratado pode reduzir os gastos com fertilizantes, na fase inicial de cultivo do cafeeiro conilon

Impact of the Application of Domestic Wastewater by Subsurface Drip Irrigation on the Soil Solution in Sugarcane Cultivation

The agricultural use of domestic sewage is a viable alternative for recycling nutrients; however, there is concern regarding the impact of its use due to the concentration of chemical elements present in this type of effluent. The use of principal component analysis determines the existence or lack of anomalous samples and the relations between measured variables and their relative contribution among samples that help in monitoring the impact of the use of effluents on soil chemical components. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify nutrient ions present in the soil solution during the first ratoon sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage applied by subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted under a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were distributed according to the type of water applied in the irrigation system (water surface reservoir and treated domestic sewage), the installation depth of the drip tapes (0.2 or 0.4 m depth), and the treatment without irrigation. By means of soil solution, it was possible to identify an increase in the concentration of salts in the treatments irrigated with treated domestic sewage, which however did not affect the soil quality in the short term. The principal component analysis selected the variables Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-, K+, and EC as soil solution indicators to monitor areas irrigated with treated domestic sewage

Evaluating the latest IMERG products in a subtropical climate : the case of Paraná state, Brazil

The lack of measurement of precipitation in large areas using fine-resolution data is a limitation in water management, particularly in developing countries. However, Version 6 of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) has provided a new source of precipitation information with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, the performance of the GPM products (Final run) in the state of Paraná, located in the southern region of Brazil, from June 2000 to December 2018 was evaluated. The daily and monthly products of IMERG were compared to the gauge data spatially distributed across the study area. Quantitative and qualitative metrics were used to analyze the performance of IMERG products to detect precipitation events and anomalies. In general, the products performed positively in the estimation of monthly rainfall events, both in volume and spatial distribution, and demonstrated limited performance for daily events and anomalies, mainly in mountainous regions (coast and southwest). This may be related to the orographic rainfall in these regions, associating the intensity of the rain, and the topography. IMERG products can be considered as a source of precipitation data, especially on a monthly scale. Product calibrations are suggested for use on a daily scale and for time-series analysis

Evapotranspiration mapping of commercial corn fields in Brazil using SAFER algorithm

SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) is a relatively new algorithm applied successfully to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) at different spatial scales of different crops in Brazil. However, its use for monitoring irrigated crops is scarce and needs further investigation. This study assessed the performance of SAFER to estimate ET of irrigated corn in a Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in São Desidério, Bahia State, Brazil, in corn-cropped areas in no-tillage systems and irrigated by central pivots. SAFER algorithm with original regression coefficients (a = 1.8 and b = –0.008) was initially tested during the growing seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016. SAFER performed very poorly for estimating corn ET, with RMSD values greater than 1.18 mm d–1 for 12 fields analyzed and NSE values < 0 in most fields. To improve estimates, SAFER regression coefficients were calibrated (using 2014 and 2015 data) and validated with 2016 data, with the resulting coefficients a and b equal to 0.32 and –0.0013, respectively. SAFER performed well for ET estimation after calibration, with r2 and NSE values equal to 0.91 and RMSD = 0.469 mm d–1. SAFER also showed good performance (r2 = 0.86) after validation, with the lowest RMSD (0.58 mm d–1) values for the set of 14 center pivots in this growing season. The results support the use of calibrated SAFER algorithm as a tool for estimating water consumption in irrigated corn fields in semiarid conditions

Root growth of sugarcane irrigated with wastewater through subsurface drip system

The use of wastewater in agriculture is an alternative to provide water and nutrients for plants.  However, root system development can be affected by water quality and depth of wastewater applied.  The objective of this study was to evaluate the sugarcane root system growth using a minirhizotron in a field irrigated with treated sewage effluent and freshwater by subsurface drip irrigation.  The treatments tested were two drip line installation depths (0.2 and 0.4 m); two water sources (treated sewage effluent and freshwater) and non-irrigated plots as control.  The experiment was a randomized block design with a 2×2 + 1 factorial, with three replications.  The root system evaluation (root length and spatial distribution) was performed using a minirhizotron with an access tube buried in the soil profile and installed on a 45 degree angle.  The soil moisture was determined using the time-domain reflectometry technique.  The lowest moisture on the soil surface resulted in the highest root length density (0.18 cm cm-2) at the non-irrigated plots (p>0.05).  The application of treated sewage effluent and the installation depth of drip line did not change the root length of sugarcane in first ratoon (p>0.05).  Eighty percent of the root system was accumulated from the soil surface to 0.45 m

Nutritional, physiological and vegetative aspects of the sugarcane irrigated via subsurface drip with application of treated domestic sewage

Orientador: Edson Eiji MatsuraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgrícolaResumo: O aumento da produção de cana-de-açúcar é diretamente influenciado pelo incremento na demanda de etanol, açúcar e biocombustível impulsionados pelo crescimento populacional, que acarreta a expansão do cultivo para regiões com baixos volumes precipitados, ou escassez de fontes hídricas para a prática da irrigação, que acaba afetando negativamente a produtividade da cultura. Dessa forma, o uso de fontes alternativas de água para irrigação é essencial para evitar perdas de rendimento devido a esta limitação. O esgoto doméstico tratado mostra-se como potencial recurso hídrico, podendo ser utilizado na cana-de-açúcar via irrigação, pois é uma fonte de nutrientes e água para a cultura, além de seu uso reduzir os impactos ambientais negativos gerados pelo lançamento no corpo receptor, e ainda manter as águas superficiais e subterrâneas para o abastecimento humano e a dessedentação animal. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produtividade, os aspectos fisiológicos, os aspectos tecnológicos da matéria prima e a fertilidade do solo, durante a primeira e segunda soca de cultivos da cana-de-açúcar irrigada via gotejamento subsuperficial, instalado em diferentes profundidades, com aplicação de esgoto doméstico tratado. Foi montado um experimento em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos: sem irrigação (SI), irrigação com esgoto aplicado a 0,20 m de profundidade no perfil do solo (E20), esgoto a 0,40 m (E40), irrigação com água de reservatório superficial a 0,20 m no perfil do solo (A20) e água de reservatório a 0,40 m (A40), todos os tratamentos irrigados foram fertirrigados com base na marcha de absorção de nutrientes da cultura complementando a qualidade de água utilizada, enquanto o sem irrigação recebeu adubação convencional em cobertura. Para cada tratamento foi avaliado o desenvolvimento vegetativo, as trocas gasosas, clorofila a e b, potencial hídrico foliar, diagnóstico nutricional foliar e dos colmos, produtividade, exportação nutricional pelos colmos, análise tecnológica dos colmos e fertilidade do solo em cultivo da cana-de-açúcar na primeira e segunda soca. Os tratamentos irrigados apresentaram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtividade nas duas socas, influenciados por maiores trocas gasosas, potencial hídrico foliar e umidade do solo. Pela maior produtividade de colmos, houve maior extração de nutrientes pelas parcelas irrigadas, acima do aporte de nutrientes ao solo, acarretando em redução da fertilidade do solo com os anos de cultivo. De modo geral, a qualidade tecnológica dos colmos foi adequada para todos os tratamentos e maior na segunda soca. A profundidade de instalação da fita gotejadora e qualidade da água aplicadas influenciaram nas concentrações de sódio no perfil do solo. Os tratamentos irrigados com esgoto também apresentaram, em ambas as socas, significativa economia em fertilizantes minerais. O esgoto doméstico tratado utilizado via irrigação não apresentou nenhum resultado negativo ao solo e a cultura no período analisado, em relação aos parâmetros avaliados, podendo ser utilizado como alternativa para a irrigação no cultivo da cana-de-açúcarAbstract: The increase in the production of sugarcane is directly influenced by the increase in demand for ethanol, sugar and biofuel, and has been driven by population growth, resulting in the expansion of cultivated areas to regions where there are low volumes precipitated and even shortages of water sources for irrigation practice, thus negatively affecting crop productivity. Thus, the use of alternative sources for irrigation is essential to avoid yield loss due to this limitation. The treated sewage is shown as a potential water resource, can be used in sugarcane by irrigation, it is source of nutrients and water to the culture, and its use to reduce the negative environmental impacts generated by its launch water resources, and still keep the surface water and groundwater for human and animal consumption. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the vegetative growth, the yield, the physiological, the technological aspects of raw material and soil fertility during the first and second ratoon via subsurface drip irrigated installed at different depths, with application of treated domestic sewage. An experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with 5 treatments: no irrigation (SI), irrigation with sewage applied to 0.20 m depth in the soil profile (E20), sewage 0.40 m (E40), irrigation with surface water reservoir to 0.20 m in the soil profile (A20) and water reservoir to 0.40 m (A40). All irrigated treatments received fertigation based on absorption of nutrients of the culture, supplementing the water quality used, while no irrigation received conventional fertilization. For each treatment was evaluated the vegetative growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll a and b, leaf water potential, nutritional diagnosis of leaves and stems, productivity, nutrient export by stems, technological quality analysis of stems and soil fertility in sugarcane from the first and second ratoon. The irrigated treatments showed higher vegetative growth and productivity in both ratoons, influenced by higher gas exchange, leaf water potential and soil moisture. By reason of the increased productivity of stalks, a greater nutrient uptake by irrigated plots above the supply of nutrients to the soil, resulting in reduction of soil fertility in the years of cultivation. In general, the technological quality of stems was adequate for all the treatments and higher in the second ratoon. The depth of drip tape installation and quality of applied water influenced the sodium concentrations in the soil profile. The treatments irrigated with sewage also showed in both ratoons, significant economies in mineral fertilizers. The treated domestic sewage used did not show any negative result to the soil and the crop in relation to the evaluated parameters and can be used as an alternative for irrigation in the cultivation of sugarcaneDoutoradoAgua e SoloDoutor em Engenharia Agrícol

Assessing landscape scale heterogeneity in irrigation water use with remote sensing and in-situ monitoring

Understanding how irrigation is used across agricultural landscapes is essential to support efforts to grow more food while reducing pressures on limited freshwater resources. However, to date, few studies have analyzed the underlying spatial and temporal variability in farmers’ individual water use decisions at a landscape scale.Wecompare estimates of irrigation water requirements derived using state-of-the-art remote sensing models with metered abstraction records for 1400 fields over a 13 year period in the US state of Nebraska, one of the world’s most intensively irrigated agricultural regions. Weshow that farmers’ observed water use decisions often diverge significantly from biophysical estimates of crop irrigation requirements. In particular, our findings are consistent with widespread use of water conservation practices by farmers in drought years as an adaptive response to rising irrigation costs and regulatory water supply constraints in these years.Wealso demonstrate that, in any individual year, farmers observed water use exhibits large field-to-field variability, which cannot be explained fully by differences in weather, soil type, crop choice, or technology. Our results highlight the value of using both in situ monitoring and remote sensing to evaluate farmers’ individual water use behavior and understand likely responses to future changes in climate or water policy. Moreover, our findings also demonstrate potential challenges for current efforts in developed and developing countries to apply model-based approaches for field-level water use accounting and enforcement of irrigation water rights

Potential of using spectral vegetation indices for corn green biomass estimation based on their relationship with the photosynthetic vegetation sub-pixel fraction

Crop biomass (Bio) is one of the most important parameters of a crop, and knowledge of it before harvest is essential to help farmers in their decision making. Both green and dry Bio can be estimated from vegetation spectral indices (VIs) because they have a close relationship with accumulated absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), which is proportional to total Bio. The aims of this study were to analyze the potential capacity of spectral vegetation indices in estimating corn green biomass based on their relationship with the photosynthetic vegetation sub-pixel fraction derived from spectral mixture analysis and to analyze the best interval of VI accumulation (days) for corn grain yield estimation. Field data of center pivots cultivated with corn during the irrigation seasons of 2015 and 2018 and Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 images were used. The EVI produced the best results; Pearson\u27s correlation coefficient, RMSE and Willmott’s index reached 0.99, 6.5%, and 0.948, respectively. Among the nine potential VIs analyzed, the EVI, SAVI and OSAVI were considered the first, second and third best performing for corn green Bio estimation, respectively, based on their comparison to the photosynthetic vegetation sub-pixel fraction (fPV), and the time intervals that extended until 120 days after sowing showed the best results for corn grain yield estimation

Características químicas de um solo degradado após aplicação de lodo de esgoto doméstico

Seeking to reduce the harmful environment effects, this work had with the objective to evaluate the effects application of mud sewage sludge recovery of a degraded soil. The experiment was implanted and led in the months of August to October of 2007 in the Nucleus of Studies and of Diffusion of Technology in Forest, Water Resource and Maintainable Agriculture in containers of 50 L filled out with a solitary latossoil of place in degradation process. The delineate was used entirely cazualized in the factorial outline 5 × 5 (five treatments and five incubation periods) with four replicates. The treatments were constituted with the application of five doses of sewage sludge corresponding to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ton ha-1, her time the incubation periods were of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. Every day of corresponding incubation samples of soil of each container were collected, in order to if it investigates the possible effects of the application mud of sewage sludge in the chemical characteristics of the same. In agreement with the obtained results the application of growing doses of sewer mud promoted the increase of the pH in the content of organic matter, match, potassium, sodium, calcium total and effective CTC, sum of bases and decrease of the values of magnesium, aluminum and H+Al in the soil and in spite of significant, the incubation period a little affected the behavior of the studied variables.Visando diminuir os efeitos danosos ao meio ambiente, este trabalho teve com o objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto doméstico na recuperação de um solo degradado. O experimento foi implantado e conduzido nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2007 no Núcleo de Estudos e de Difusão de Tecnologia em Floresta, Recursos Hídricos e Agricultura Sustentável em recipientes de 50 L preenchidos com um latossolo retirado de local em processo de degradação. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 5 × 5 (cinco tratamentos e cinco períodos de incubação) com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos com a aplicação de cinco doses de esgoto doméstico correspondentes a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 ton ha-1, por sua vez os períodos de incubação foram de 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias. A cada dia de incubação correspondente foram coletadas amostras de solo de cada recipiente, a fim de se investigar os possíveis efeitos da aplicação do lodo de esgoto doméstico nas características químicas do mesmo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a aplicação de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto promoveram o aumento do pH nos teores de matéria orgânica, fósforo, potássio, sódio, cálcio CTC total e efetiva, soma de bases e diminuição dos valores de magnésio, alumínio e H+Al no solo e apesar de significativo, o período de incubação pouco afetou o comportamento das variáveis estudadas.Com La intencion de disminuir los efectos dañinos por la mitad ambiente, este trabajo tuvo con el objetivo evaluar los efectos de la aplicación de lodo de alcantarillado doméstico en la recuperación de un suelo degradado. El experimento fue implantado y conducido los meses de agosto a octubre de 2007 en el Núcleo de Estudios y de Difusión de Tecnología en Floresta, Recursos Hídricos y Agricultura Sustentable en recipientes de 50 L llenados con un latossolo retirado de local en proceso de degradación. Fue utilizado el delineamento enteramente casualizado en el esquema factorial 5 × 5 (cinco tratamientos y cinco periodos de incubación) con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron constituidos con la aplicación de cinco dosis de alcantarillado doméstico correspondientes la 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100 ton ha- 1, por su parte los periodos de incubación fueron de 0, 20, 40, 60 y 80 días. Cada día de incubación correspondiente fueron recolectadas muestras de suelo de cada recipiente, a fin de investigarse los posibles efectos de la aplicación del lodo de alcantarillado doméstico en las características químicas del mismo. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos la aplicación de dosis crecientes de lodo de alcantarillado promovieron el aumento del PH en los contenidos de materia orgánica, fósforo, potasio, sodio, calcio CTC total y efectiva, suma de bases y disminución de los valores de magnesio, aluminio y H+Al en el suelo y a pesar de significativo, el periodo de incubación poco afectó el comportamiento de las variables estudiadas

Impact of the Application of Domestic Wastewater by Subsurface Drip Irrigation on the Soil Solution in Sugarcane Cultivation

The agricultural use of domestic sewage is a viable alternative for recycling nutrients; however, there is concern regarding the impact of its use due to the concentration of chemical elements present in this type of effluent. The use of principal component analysis determines the existence or lack of anomalous samples and the relations between measured variables and their relative contribution among samples that help in monitoring the impact of the use of effluents on soil chemical components. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify nutrient ions present in the soil solution during the first ratoon sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage applied by subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted under a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were distributed according to the type of water applied in the irrigation system (water surface reservoir and treated domestic sewage), the installation depth of the drip tapes (0.2 or 0.4 m depth), and the treatment without irrigation. By means of soil solution, it was possible to identify an increase in the concentration of salts in the treatments irrigated with treated domestic sewage, which however did not affect the soil quality in the short term. The principal component analysis selected the variables Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-, K+, and EC as soil solution indicators to monitor areas irrigated with treated domestic sewage