La agricultura española y el cambio climático

Debido a las interacciones del sector agrícola con el medio natural, el cambio climático supondrá grandes cambios para la agricultura. Si bien muchos de estos cambios se darán por un aumento en los riesgos a los que expone la agricultura, también cabe destacar las oportunidades que se crearán debido a los impactos heterogéneos que acarreará el cambio climático. Frente a estos riesgos y oportunidades, la agricultura deberá colaborar en la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero así como desarrollar estrategias de adaptación para asegurar la productividad en el futuro. Este artículo presenta un resumen de los impactos climáticos y de los riesgos y oportunidades que supondrá el cambio climático para la agricultura en España. Luego se discutirán las oportunidades de adaptación y de mitigación que existen para la agricultura

Response of obesity-resistant BALB/c mice to a ketogenic diet

Introduction. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet in which the body undergoes metabolic adjustments that stimulate ketogenesis, thereby increasing circulating ketone bodies. Loss of body weight is attributed to these adjustments, as well as neuroprotective properties. However, the mechanisms involved are still not fully elucidated. That aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a ketogenic diet on body composition, feeding behavior and glucose metabolism in mice of the BALB/c strain, a mouse model resistant to obesity. Materials and methods. BALB/c mice of both sexes, 12 weeks old, were divided into KD and control groups, which received a ketogenic diet (Research Diets) or standard chow (LabDiet 5001), respectively, for 23 days. Throughout the experiment, body weight gain, water and food intake were measured, whereas body mass index (BMI), the percentage of interscapular, inguinal, and visceral adipose tissue and blood b-hidroxybutyrate levels were measured at the end of the protocol. In addition, glucose tolerance tests were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results. Similar body weight gain (10%) was observed in males and females on KD compared to the control group (p\u3c0.05). However, a higher BMI was observed only in males. The KD group consumed 50% less food in both sexes, whereas water consumption was diminished 25% in males and 50% in females, compared to the control (p= 0.0001). The estimated energy intake was lower (12 Kcal) in males on ketogenic diet, but not in females. Regarding the metabolic state at day 23, in KD mice levels of b-hidroxybutyrate increased to 0.4 mmol/L in males and 0.7 mmol/L in females. Mice of both sexes on KD showed increased inguinal and visceral fat, when compared to the control group on standard chow. At day 23, the glucose tolerance test showed an increase in the area under the curve, indicating impaired glucose tolerance, in both males and females on KD. Conclusions. In obesity-resistant BALB/c mice, the consumption of a ketogenic diet for a short period induces a state of nutritional ketosis accompanied by weight gain, increased fat tissue, and impaired glucose intolerance

Estudio del impacto visual y propuesta de mejora mediante la implantación de arbolado urbano del parque eólico "La Plata"

En los últimos años, las energías renovables han pasado a jugar un papel fundamental en el abastecimiento energético mundial, debido al aumento de la demanda de energía y a la creciente problemática ambiental. Sin embargo, las energías renovables no están exentas de problemas medioambientales, y factores como la ocupación del territorio y el impacto visual hacen que su aceptación social disminuya. En el caso de la energía eólica, la disposición de los aerogeneradores queda condicionada por la intermitencia en la dirección e intensidad del viento, lo que complica la reducción del impacto visual de los parques eólicos y, por tanto, su aceptación social. Debido a la complejidad de los escenarios en los que se sitúan estas instalaciones, existe una gran diversidad de metodologías para optimizar su integración en el paisaje, pero no hay una metodología generalizada que considere que la población debe jugar un papel importante en su desarrollo. Para conocer y valorar el impacto visual que genera el parque eólico "La Plata", se han aplicado tres metodologías: una basada en la valoración cualitativa de los escenarios de población, otra en el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y la última a través de cuestionarios, comprobando así la equidad en los resultados de las tres metodologías. Aplicadas las tres metodologías y comparando los resultados, todas ellas coinciden en la valoración del impacto visual negativo en el paisaje del parque eólico ?La Plata?, si bien la metodología que se apoya en el uso de cuestionarios incide directamente en la percepción de la población de este impacto, y discierne sus principales problemas. Para determinar la situación del arbolado propuesto se ha utilizado un SIG seleccionando las áreas prioritarias y así evaluar la reducción del impacto visual producido

Synthesis and characterization of extremely small gold nanoshells, and comparison of their photothermal conversion capacity with gold nanorods

The current methods for preparing gold nanoshells (AuNSs) produce shells with a diameter of approximately 40 nm or larger, with a relatively large polydispersity. However, AuNSs with smaller diameters and more monodispersity are better suited for biomedical applications. In this work, we present a modified method for the preparation of AuNSs, based on the use of sacrificial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We customized the Lee–Meisel method to prepare small and monodisperse AgNPs that were used as sacrificial nanoparticles to prepare extremely small monodispersed AuNSs with an average diameter from 17 to 25 ± 4 nm. We found that these AuNSs are faceted, and that the oxidized silver likely dissolves out of the nanoparticles through some of the facets on the AuNSs. This leads to a silver oxide plug on the surface of the AuNSs, which has not been reported before. The smaller AuNSs, prepared under the best conditions, absorb in the near infrared region (NIR) that is appropriate for applications, such as photothermal therapy or medical imaging. The AuNSs showed absorption peaks in the NIR similar to those of gold nanorods (AuNRs) but with better photothermal capacity. In addition, because of their negative charge, these AuNSs are more biocompatible than the positively charged AuNRs. The synthesis of small, monodisperse, stable and biocompatible nanoparticles, like the ones presented in this work, is of prime importance in biomedical applications.The current methods for preparing gold nanoshells (AuNSs) produce shells with a diameter of approximately 40 nm or larger, with a relatively large polydispersity. However, AuNSs with smaller diameters and more monodispersity are better suited for biomedical applications. In this work, we present a modified method for the preparation of AuNSs, based on the use of sacrificial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We customized the Lee–Meisel method to prepare small and monodisperse AgNPs that were used as sacrificial nanoparticles to prepare extremely small monodispersed AuNSs with an average diameter from 17 to 25 ± 4 nm. We found that these AuNSs are faceted, and that the oxidized silver likely dissolves out of the nanoparticles through some of the facets on the AuNSs. This leads to a silver oxide plug on the surface of the AuNSs, which has not been reported before. The smaller AuNSs, prepared under the best conditions, absorb in the near infrared region (NIR) that is appropriate for applications, such as photothermal therapy or medical imaging. The AuNSs showed absorption peaks in the NIR similar to those of gold nanorods (AuNRs) but with better photothermal capacity. In addition, because of their negative charge, these AuNSs are more biocompatible than the positively charged AuNRs. The synthesis of small, monodisperse, stable and biocompatible nanoparticles, like the ones presented in this work, is of prime importance in biomedical applications

Guidelines and Recommendations on the Registry and Documentation of Forced Disappearances

This document formulates and systematizes a set of practical recommendations, suggestions, and guidelines that may prove valuable in the event of an emergency that necessitates the documentation and registry of forced or involuntary disappearances committed by the state, as well as forced disappearances committed by private parties in settings of political violence, state terrorism, internal conflicts or civil wars, including operations undertaken by armed forces, secret police, paramilitary, insurgents and organized crime. These recommendations arise from experience garnered with different registry systems of forced and non-voluntary disappearance of persons in violent episodes and armed conflicts in Latin America, although applicable in other contexts. This text has been prepared in the framework of the project “Political Violence and human rights violation management: circumstances, uses and effects of forced disappearance registry. Lessons from a comparative perspective in the Americas.” Scholars of Alberto Hurtado University, Ibero American University of Mexico City, Pontifical Javeriana University of Bogota and the University of London – Goldsmith College participated in this project, which was sponsored by the Newton Fund

Gender-Dependent Alteration of Ca2+ and TNFα Signaling in db/db Mice, an Obesity-Linked Type 2 Diabetic Model

Cardiovascular complications are the primary death cause in type 2 diabetes, where inflammation can play a role. We, and others, have previously shown that, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction is associated with Ca2+ mishandling. It is possible that diabetic cardiomyopathy differently affects men and women, as the latter present higher risk to develop heart failure and a higher plasmatic level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), than men. However, the gender-dependent regulation of Ca2+ signaling in diabetes and its relationship with TNFα signaling are still unclear. Here, we analyzed TNFα signaling pathway and its role in Ca2+ signaling dysfunction in male and female rodent models of type 2 diabetes linked to obesity (db/db mice) using confocal microscopy in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes. TNFα increased [Ca2+]i transient amplitude and accelerated its decay without affecting SR Ca2+ load or Ca2+ spark frequency in cells from control mice. All TNFα effects on Ca2+ handling were prevented by the inhibition of the ceramidase and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). While the plasmatic level of TNFα was similar in male and female db/db mice, only male db/db hearts over-expressed both TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) and the protective TNFα receptors 2 (TNF-R2). TNFα receptor 1 (TNF-R1) expression, involved in negative inotropic response of TNFα, was unchanged in both male and female db/db mice compared to controls. We found that male db/db mice cardiomyocytes presented a decrease in [Ca2+]i transient amplitude associated to a drop of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, not seen in female db/db mice. Interestingly, sustained incubation with TNFα did not restored Ca2+ signaling alteration observed in male db/db mice but still induces an increase in Ca2+ spark frequency as seen in control littermates. In cardiomyocytes from female db/db mice, TNFα had no visible effects on Ca2+ handling. In conclusion, our study shows that the alteration of Ca2+ signaling and TNFα, seen in db/db mice, is gender specific presenting an increase in TNFα cardio-protective pathway in male mice

Deciphering the quality of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response associated with disease severity, immune memory and heterologous response

SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response has been associated with disease severity, immune memory and heterologous response to endemic coronaviruses. However, an integrative approach combining a comprehensive analysis of the quality of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response with antibody levels in these three scenarios is needed. In the present study, we found that, in acute infection, while mild disease was associated with high T-cell polyfunctionality biased to IL-2 production and inversely correlated with anti-S IgG levels, combinations only including IFN-γ with the absence of perforin production predominated in severe disease. Seven months after infection, both non-hospitalised and previously hospitalised patients presented robust anti-S IgG levels and SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response. In addition, only previously hospitalised patients showed a T-cell exhaustion profile. Finally, combinations including IL-2 in response to S protein of endemic coronaviruses were the ones associated with SARS-CoV-2 S-specific T-cell response in pre-COVID-19 healthy donors’ samples. These results could have implications for protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and recurrent COVID-19 and may help for the design of new prototypes and boosting vaccine strategies

Activation of amino acid metabolic program in cardiac HIF1-alpha-deficient mice.

HIF1-alpha expression defines metabolic compartments in the developing heart, promoting glycolytic program in the compact myocardium and mitochondrial enrichment in the trabeculae. Nonetheless, its role in cardiogenesis is debated. To assess the importance of HIF1-alpha during heart development and the influence of glycolysis in ventricular chamber formation, herein we generated conditional knockout models of Hif1a in Nkx2.5 cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes. Deletion of Hif1a impairs embryonic glycolysis without influencing cardiomyocyte proliferation and results in increased mitochondrial number and transient activation of amino acid catabolism together with HIF2α and ATF4 upregulation by E12.5. Hif1a mutants display normal fatty acid oxidation program and do not show cardiac dysfunction in the adulthood. Our results demonstrate that cardiac HIF1 signaling and glycolysis are dispensable for mouse heart development and reveal the metabolic flexibility of the embryonic myocardium to consume amino acids, raising the potential use of alternative metabolic substrates as therapeutic interventions during ischemic events.This project has been supported by Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Spain and by grants to S.M.-P. from the European Research Council, European Union, FP7-PEOPLE-2010-RG_276891; Fundación TV3 La Marató, Spain, 201507.30.31; Comunidad de Madrid (CAM); Spain and European Union (EU), B2017/BMD-3875; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, PI17/01817; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Spain and LeDucq Foundation, France, 17CVD04. I.M.-M. was supported by La Caixa-CNIC and Fundacion Alfonso Martín Escudero fellowships, Spain. T.A.-G. was supported by a predoctoral award granted by CAM/EU and UFV, Spain, PEJD-2018-PRE/SAL-9529 and SM-P by a Contrato de Investigadores Miguel Servet (CPII16/00050) and UFV, Spain.S

Propuesta Estratégica de Mejora en la Implementación de los Estándares Mínimos del Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) en la empresa ENGLISH FOREVER CORPORATION para el primer semestre del 2019.

Dentro de las empresas se deben manejar diferentes sistemas que en conjunto contribuyan a la eficacia de la misma, en producción, en mercadeo y en cualquier otro sector de las empresas se manejan diferentes sistemas; por lo tanto, en cuanto a la seguridad de los empleados, su salud mental y física también se debe manejar un sistema que ayude a prevenir o a mejorar estos aspectos; en ese orden de ideas, la implementación de estos se convierte en una de las prioridades de las empresas, por lo que es de suma importancia que los empleados se mantengan en un ambiente laboral en el cual puedan desarrollar sus actividades sin ningún tipo de accidentes o estrés laboral. Atendiendo a lo anterior, en las empresas se emplea el Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST), con el cual se trata de prevenir cualquier tipo de enfermedades que se puedan generar en sus espacios de trabajo, y no solo trata de prevenirlas, sino que también busca mejorar continuamente las condiciones de trabajo. Por otro lado, se hace indispensable que también se conozcan que leyes cobijan tales sistemas y los decretos o lineamientos que deben seguir las empresas en el ámbito legal para poder seguir llevando a cabo sus labores, como por ejemplo Decreto 1443 del 31 de julio de 2014 (Implementación del SG-SST), Decreto 1072 del 26 de marzo del 2015 (Decreto único reglamentario del sector trabajo), Decreto 171 del 1 de febrero de 2016 (Prorroga del SGSST) y el Decreto 052 del 12 enero de 2017 (Transición para la implementación del SG-SST), la Resolución No. 1111 del 27 de marzo de 2017 (Estándares mínimos del SG-SST) y, Resolución No. 0312 del 13 de febrero de 2019 (Actualización de Estándares mínimos del SG-SST)Within the companies, different systems must be managed that together contribute to the efficiency of the same, in production, in marketing and in any other sector of the companies different systems are handled; therefore, regarding the safety of the employees, their mental and physical health should also be managed a system that helps to prevent or improve these aspects; in that order of ideas, the implementation of these becomes one of the priorities of the companies, so it is of the utmost importance that the employees remain in a working environment in which they can develop their activities without any type of accidents or work stress. In view of the above, in companies the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST) is used, with which it is intended to prevent any type of diseases that may be generated in their work spaces, and not it only tries to prevent them, but also seeks to continuously improve working conditions. On the other hand, it is essential that we also know what laws cover such systems and the decrees or guidelines that companies must follow in the legal field to continue carrying out their work, such as Decree 1443 of July 31, 2014 (Implementation of the SG-SST), Decree 1072 of March 26, 2015 (Single regulation of the labor sector), Decree 171 of February 1, 2016 (Extension of the SGSST) and Decree 052 of January 12, 2017 (Transition to the implementation of the SG-SST), Resolution No. 1111 of March 27, 2017 (Minimum Standards of the SG-SST) and, Resolution No. 0312 of February 13, 2019 (Updating of the Minimum Standards of the SG-SST

Evaluating the Applicability of Data-Driven Dietary Patterns to Independent Samples with a Focus on Measurement Tools for Pattern Similarity

BACKGROUND: Diet is a key modifiable risk for many chronic diseases, but it remains unclear whether dietary patterns from one study sample are generalizable to other independent populations. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to assess whether data-driven dietary patterns from one study sample are applicable to other populations. The secondary objective was to assess the validity of two criteria of pattern similarity. METHODS: Six dietary patterns-Western (n=3), Mediterranean, Prudent, and Healthy- from three published studies on breast cancer were reconstructed in a case-control study of 973 breast cancer patients and 973 controls. Three more internal patterns (Western, Prudent, and Mediterranean) were derived from this case-control study's own data. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Applicability was assessed by comparing the six reconstructed patterns with the three internal dietary patterns, using the congruence coefficient (CC) between pattern loadings. In cases where any pair met either of two commonly used criteria for declaring patterns similar (CC ≥0.85 or a statistically significant [P0.9) to their corresponding dietary pattern derived from the case-control study's data. Similar associations with risk for breast cancer were found in all pairs of dietary patterns that had high CC but not in all pairs of dietary patterns with statistically significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS: Similar dietary patterns can be found in independent samples. The P value of a correlation coefficient is less reliable than the CC as a criterion for declaring two dietary patterns similar. This study shows that diet scores based on a particular study are generalizable to other populations.This study was funded by Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association Against Cancer), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (IJCI-2014-20900); Fundación Cerveza y Salud 2005 (Beer and Health Foundation 2005), Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (Spanish Society of Medical Oncology), Federación de Mujeres con Cáncer de Mama (Association of Women with Breast Cancer) (EPY 1169-10 grant) and Association of Women with Breast Cancer from Elche (EPY 1394/15 grant)