The effect of altered flow regimes on aquatic primary producer communities: Diatoms and macrophytes

Rivers are intensively managed worldwide through unprecedented flow regime alterations on a global scale. This has led to an increasing interest in the development of quantitative tools to assess the ecological response of organisms to flow alteration. To date, studies reflect a large diversity of responses that make the intensity and prevalence of effects difficult to generalize. The present study analysed how flow alterations caused by dams affect the structure, composition and traits of diatoms and macrophytes in three Spanish river basins (Cantabric, Ebro and Duero). By using a control-impact design based mainly in hydrological similarity, our results showed consistent patterns of change in diatom and macrophyte communities. Our study showed a shift from resistant traits such as non-colonial diatom forms and crust-forming algae, which are adapted to the extreme events and natural dynamism of unregulated rivers, towards planktonic diatoms, free-floating algae and the mass development of aquatic plants in hydrological altered sites. Both communities shared common thresholds of response to altered hydrological attributes that could be considered in a flow management context. The hydrological indices that impacted diatom and macrophyte communities the most were related with the magnitude and duration of minimum flows. However, our results also show that it is important to consider the interrelationships between the different hydrological attributes such as the seasonal variability of monthly flows, the magnitude of maximum annual extremes, the timing of flow events, and the frequency and rate of flow changes.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the HYDRA (ref. BIA2015-71197) project and by the European Commission, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network 765553 as part of EUROFLOW project. We thank our colleagues from IHCantabria for the great help provided during fieldwork. We would also like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry for the Ecological Transition for providing flow series data. Cristina Delgado was financially supported by postdoctoral grant I2C-B from the Xunta de Galicia government (Galicia, Spain)

Оцінка екологічного стану водосховищ гідроенергетичного призначення на р. Південний Буг за гідрогеологічними показниками

Проаналізовано особливості гідробіологічних угрупувань водосховищ гідроенергетичного призначення р.Південний Буг. Дослідження проведено за такими показниками: видовий склад, кількість, біомаса, трофічні характеристики, індекс сапробності за Пантле-Букком, за Балушкіною (для угрупувань бентосу), індекс видового різноманіття Шеннона окремо за чисельністю та біомасою, індекс Пареле, рибопродуктивність водосховищ

Management and conservation of fish populations in mountain streams: An holistic approach in the framework of LIFE DIVAQUA project

Producción CientíficaThe recovery of threatened and endangered fish species is among the highest priorities for biodiversity conservation in national parks and fisheries management in nearby areas. Threats to fish populations are numerous and include habitat fragmentation and degradation, proliferation of invasive and pathogen species, and climate change. Moreover, mountain areas often share the most critical threats. However, there does not exist a common strategy that integrates conservation and management plans for fish populations in mountain areas. In this regard, LIFE DIVAQUA designed a conservation strategy that integrates new knowledge gained from scientific research and long-term monitoring data, and considers the main threats to fish populations in mountain areas: (1) A long term monitoring program has been already implemented for 10 years, revealing temporal trends of fish populations in mountain streams. (2) Modeling of fish population by the use of environmental DNA allowed analyzing fish distributions in areas with scarce data and evaluating habitat suitability maps. (3) Fishways construction and removal of river barriers substantially increased the distribution area of endangered species. (4) The analysis of climate change effects in water temperature and hydrology led to the implementation of environmental flows under a climate change scenario; (5) Monitoring fish diseases, their occurrence, and temporal changes (e.g., Aeromonas spp.) can be used as an early warning signal of ecosystem unbalance. A pilot study for the implementation of this conservation and management plan in the LIFE DIVAQUA project is showing promising results. However, the success of conservation and management strategies requires a broader approach. This includes the participation of a wide range of partners and stakeholders and utilizes independent scientific oversight, assessment, and project adjustments to ensure conservation goals are met.Comisión Europea - (grant LIFE18 NAT/ES/000121

Anthropogenic activities in the páramo trigger ecological shifts in Tropical Andean lakes

A robust understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities on high-altitude tropical aquatic ecosystems is key for the conservation and protection of the Tropical Andean biodiversity hot spot. We present the results of a multiproxy study of lake sediments from the high Andean páramo of El Cajas National Park, a UNESCO biosphere reserve in Ecuador. The main site, Laguna Pallcacocha, is well known for recording El Niño-driven clastic flood layers that are triggered by high-intensity rainfall anomalies from the eastern Pacific. The second site, Laguna El Ocho, does not contain clastic laminations, providing a control. The records show abrupt shifts in diatom assemblages ca. AD 1991 in both high-elevation Andean lakes accompanied by local changes in páramo composition that suggest a sudden nutrient enrichment of the environment. The diatom assemblages from Laguna Pallcacocha, in relation to the clastic input events, are remarkably stable and do not show evident El Niño signals at the analysed resolution. Based on comparison with the nonlaminated El Ocho record, we deduce the main source of this nutrient enrichment to be the construction of a heavily transited road that runs through the park, while climate warming played secondary role by amplifying its effects

Seasonality modulates the predictive skills of diatom based salinity transfer functions

The value of diatoms as bioindicators in contemporary and palaeolimnological studies through transfer function development has increased in the last decades. While such models represent a tremendous advance in (palaeo) ecology, they leave behind important sources of uncertainties that are often ignored. In the present study we tackle two of the most important sources of uncertainty in the development of diatom salinity inference models: the effect of secondary variables associated to seasonality and the comparison of conventional cross-validation methods with a validation based on independent datasets. Samples (diatoms and environmental variables) were taken in spring, summer and autumn in the freshwater and brackish ditches of the province of North Holland in 1993. Different locations of the same province were sampled again in 2008–2010 to validate the models. We found that the abundance of the dominant species significantly changed between the seasons, leading to inconsistent estimates of species optima and tolerances. A model covering intra-annual variability (all seasons combined) provides averages of species optima and tolerances, reduces the effect of secondary variables due to the seasonality effects, thus providing the strongest relationship between salinity and diatom species. In addition, the ¨all-season¨ model also reduces the edge effects usually found in all unimodal-based calibration methods. While based on cross-validation all four models seem to perform relatively well, a validation with an independent dataset emphasizes the importance of using models covering intra-annual variability to perform realistic reconstructions

Diatom species and abiotic data

The data consist on a training set with diatom abundance data from 3 seasons collected in 1993 that were used to develop diatom based salinity transfer functions. The data also contains a validation data (2010) set that contains the data for the independent validation of the transfer function and the abiotic data of both datasets

Variability of diatom community composition and structure in mountain streams

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGSmall rivers support high levels of biodiversity, being especially sensitive to the effects of global change. Temporal records of community composition in minimally impaired streams can be used to explore trends in biodiversity in response to climate change and natural temporal variation. We approached the comparison of two time periods (2003–2008 and 2016–2020) to study whether the composition of diatom assemblages changed over time in twenty-three streams of the mountain range of Picos de Europa (Northern Spain). The stream’s water chemistry indicated significant decreases in N_NO3− and P_PO43− content over time. In these minimally disturbed streams, the specific diatom community was dominated by Achnanthidium pyrenaicum, Achnanthidium minutissimum and Cocconeis euglypta. PERMANOVA analyses did not identify significant changes in diatom assemblage composition between periods or river types. Diatom indices (e.g. IPS, NORTIdiat) indicated high or good ecological status and relatively high alpha diversity values were found in these mountain rivers during the studied years. Although diversity and evenness showed a significant decrease over time, the temporal stability of the river-type diatom reference community between the two periods should be considered as an indicator of biodiversity persistence of high importance when monitoring the ecological status following the reference condition approach

Assessing the effects of irrigation and hydropower dams on river communities using taxonomic and multiple trait-based approaches

Rivers and streams have suffered multiple transformations to attend the increasing water demands worldwide. Among these, dams and reservoirs cause some of the most severe ecological impacts on rivers, altering the river flow and thermal regimens, nutrient and sediment fluxes, and network connectivity. However, in the context of the different dam purposes and operational schemes, knowledge of the ecological impacts on the riverine biota is still limited. In this study, our main goal was to assess dam-related effects (e.g. hydrological and thermal alteration, water quality changes) on river biological communities and identify key ecological responses associated to flow regulation. To achieve this, diatom, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities were surveyed in control (n = 8) and impacted (n = 11) streams (i.e. downstream of irrigation or hydropower dams) along three consecutive years. The study design aimed at minimising the environmental variability among control and impacts using previously established hydrological classifications. This allowed focusing primarily on the effects of dam operation schemes. In addition to traditional biotic indices based on the composition and structure of these communities, we assessed community-level responses using trait-based analyses with multivariate and fourth-corner analyses. The ecological changes varied with dam purpose and, in general, favoured disturbance-tolerant traits. Common biotic indices did not consistently respond to dam uses; trait-based analyses, in contrast, provided a more detailed picture of the dam-related effects on the studied river communities, with macroinvertebrate traits showing the strongest correlations to dam-related hydrological and physico-chemical variables, followed by diatoms and fish. Changes in the biological communities downstream of irrigation dams were mostly related to the inversion of the seasonal flow regimes (e.g. increases in the summer flows and magnitude of low flow extremes; decreases in the winter flows and in the frequency and magnitude of extreme high flow events) and the reduction of nutrient concentration. These changes favoured planktonic diatoms, macroinvertebrates with short life cycles and small body sizes, and fish feeding on the water column. Hydropower dams elevated significantly the rate of flow change and water temperature, favouring low profile adnate diatoms, multivoltine and passively dispersed macroinvertebrates, and scrapers. The key relationships identified in our study are useful to underpin river biodiversity conservation strategies and to set future research directions aiming at reducing the negative effects of dam operation schemes

Typology of diatom communities in the Dutch delta: Recognizing patterns of environmental drivers in nutrient rich ditches

The extensive network of waters in the lower part of the Dutch delta is loaded with nutrients and accordingly a uniform ecological classification ‘moderate’ has been derived. The present study sets out to typify the diatom communities in this apparently homogenous environment via self-organizing maps of diatom species composition. Clusters of diatom communities were characterized through the representation of ecological guilds (high and low profile, motile and planktonic) and via a RDA analysis based on either species, genus or ecological guilds together with environmental drivers. Five clusters of diatom communities were identified despite the prominence of omnipresent species. The clusters had different profiles of ecological guilds and were associated with water transparency and sediment type (peat/clay) in addition to the well-established environmental drivers related to eutrophication, but with distinct roles for nitrogen and phosphate concentration. The clusters were interpreted as functional types of community, e.g. communities with a substantial share of planktonic diatom species were found in peat ditches with turbid water. The high consistency found between diatom community classification using species, genus or guilds may allow for a simplified water quality assessment while retaining valuable ecological information. The typology, based on species, genus and ecological guilds underpins the robust use of diatoms as water quality indicators in nutrient rich lentic waters and supports steps to improve ecological conditions

Eutrophication decreases distance decay of similarity in diatom communities

The distance–decay relationship has been claimed to be a predictor for biological diversity because it unites several ecological phenomena such as dispersal ability and environmental structure. The effect of long-term disturbances on distance decay, however, has been widely overlooked, especially for microorganisms. We examine the effect of eutrophication on the distance–decay relationship in communities of attached diatoms in three peatland areas: mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic. The study follows a spatially explicit sampling scheme, collecting evenly spaced samples along 6-km sampling tracks. The three areas shared 24% of the total number of species, but the different nutrient levels in the three areas are reflected by the prominence of low profile and planktonic diatom species. Our study demonstrates that eutrophication can affect distance–decay relationships by decreasing turnover rates in microorganisms. Diatom communities are shown to be constrained by both environmental and spatial features, whose relative importance depends on the degree of eutrophication. Under eutrophic conditions, species are filtered from the regional species pool and community structure responds strongly to environmental factors (water chemistry variables and depth), while in mesotrophic environments, purely spatial processes play a prominent role in structuring diatom communities. These findings reveal that homogenisation of communities triggered by environmental disturbance is an ecological phenomenon of importance in the microbial world