38 research outputs found

    Self-processing in coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally conscious state

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    IntroductionBehavioral and cerebral dissociation has been now clearly established in some patients with acquired disorders of consciousness (DoC). Altogether, these studies mainly focused on the preservation of high-level cognitive markers in prolonged DoC, but did not specifically investigate lower but key-cognitive functions to consciousness emergence, such as the ability to take a first-person perspective, notably at the acute stage of coma. We made the hypothesis that the preservation of self-recognition (i) is independent of the behavioral impairment of consciousness, and (ii) can reflect the ability to recover consciousness.MethodsHence, using bedside Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, we acquired, in a large cohort of 129 severely brain damaged patients, the brain response to the passive listening of the subject’s own name (SON) and unfamiliar other first names (OFN). One hundred and twelve of them (mean age ± SD = 46 ± 18.3 years, sex ratio M/F: 71/41) could be analyzed for the detection of an individual and significant discriminative P3 event-related brain response to the SON as compared to OFN (‘SON effect’, primary endpoint assessed by temporal clustering permutation tests).ResultsPatients were either coma (n = 38), unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS, n = 30) or minimally conscious state (MCS, n = 44), according to the revised version of the Coma Recovery Scale (CRS-R). Overall, 33 DoC patients (29%) evoked a ‘SON effect’. This electrophysiological index was similar between coma (29%), MCS (23%) and UWS (34%) patients (p = 0.61). MCS patients at the time of enrolment were more likely to emerged from MCS (EMCS) at 6 months than coma and UWS patients (p = 0.013 for comparison between groups). Among the 72 survivors’ patients with event-related responses recorded within 3 months after brain injury, 75% of the 16 patients with a SON effect were EMCS at 6 months, while 59% of the 56 patients without a SON effect evolved to this favorable behavioral outcome.DiscussionAbout 30% of severely brain-damaged patients suffering from DoC are capable to process salient self-referential auditory stimuli, even in case of absence of behavioral detection of self-conscious processing. We suggest that self-recognition covert brain ability could be an index of consciousness recovery, and thus could help to predict good outcome

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≄60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    Multimodal exploration of consciousness during coma and awakening : from the polysomnographic features of fluctuations to the analysis of behavioural, biological or neurophysiological synergy or dissociation and their evolution

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    Stade le plus sĂ©vĂšre de l’agression cĂ©rĂ©brale aigĂŒe, le coma est caractĂ©risĂ© par une disparition globale de toutes les dimensions de la conscience et s’exprime par une perte de l’ouverture des yeux et de toute rĂ©activitĂ© aux stimulations. Les relations entre cette absence de conscience pathologique – de causes hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes – et la perte de conscience physiologique du sommeil – homogĂšne dans ses mĂ©canismes rĂ©gulateurs – ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature sous l’angle de l’architecture du sommeil. Mais cette analogie ne semble fructueuse que dans les formes chroniques prĂ©sentant une rĂ©cupĂ©ration de la vigilance comportementale (le coma chronique sans ouverture des yeux Ă©tant exceptionnel) ou neurophysiologique (les Ă©veils non-rĂ©pondants sans aucun cycle veille-sommeil Ă©tant minoritaires). Au cours de la sidĂ©ration aigĂŒe du systĂšme oscillatoire veille-sommeil, la fonctionnalitĂ© rĂ©siduelle du Flip-Flop model ne permettrait pas une attribution d’état Ă  chaque pĂ©riode – trop variable entre les patients – mais une description quantitative des fluctuations. Cette thĂšse propose de conduire cette analyse alternative des modulations neurophysiologiques de la vigilance, en lien avec le comportement accessible par les mouvements des paupiĂšres et les dĂ©terminants endogĂšnes circadiens ou exogĂšnes. Dix-huit patients ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans une Ă©tude multimodale Ă  la phase prĂ©coce de leur rĂ©veil (hors sĂ©dation mais sans rĂ©ponse aux ordres simples) incluant une polysomnographie de 24h, un film infrarouge de l’ouverture et de la fermeture des yeux, des mesures hormonales urinaires (mĂ©latonine et cortisol) et un enregistrement environnemental de la lumiĂšre, du son et des soins. Plusieurs marqueurs issus de la confrontation entre ces analyses seraient associĂ©s au respect des dĂ©terminants de l’état global de conscience. Bien que non encore exprimĂ©e, l’association Ă  un pronostic favorable indiquerait que les conditions de l’expression ultĂ©rieure de la conscience seraient respectĂ©es si : i) les fluctuations neurophysiologiques sont amples et prĂ©sentent une forte prĂ©dictibilitĂ© de long terme (Alpha et Beta); ii) l’EEG, les hormones et le comportement suivent tous un rythme circadien; iii) les pĂ©riodes d’ouverture des yeux sont associĂ©es Ă  une rĂ©activitĂ© paradoxale de l’EEG s’exprimant par une baisse de la frĂ©quence dominante et une augmentation de la variabilitĂ© spatiale (Delta et Alpha); iv) les modifications de l’EEG par le son et les soins sont amples et paradoxales; v) ces processus apparaissent prĂ©cocement, alors que la rĂ©cupĂ©ration tardive des rythmes et de la rĂ©activitĂ© pourrait n’ĂȘtre que concomitante Ă  une amĂ©lioration cognitive partielle; vi) la puissance dans la bande Sigma (fuseaux de sommeil) est haute et la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle dans le Sigma et le Beta prĂ©sente un riche rĂ©pertoire au cours de la nuit. Au total, cette approche permet d’apprĂ©hender la rĂ©cupĂ©ration du coma comme une dynamique Ă  objectiver et Ă  confronter dans la multiplicitĂ© de ses dĂ©terminants, plutĂŽt que comme des sauts entre des Ă©tats correspondant Ă  des niveaux de conscience de dĂ©finition incertaine. Introduire cette conception oscillatoire de l’histoire naturelle de la perte et du retour Ă  conscience fournirait, dans une optique anatomo-clinique, une mesure non invasive de la fonction des rĂ©gions sous-corticales rĂ©gulant les cycles veille-sommeil en intĂ©grant les mĂ©canismes homĂ©ostatiques et circadiens. La rĂ©activitĂ© de long terme pour l’EEG et le comportement apporte une information complĂ©mentaire sur la fonctionnalitĂ© du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral dans sa fonction affĂ©rente pour moduler l’état global de vigilance (mieux Ă©valuĂ©e par EEG) – qui dĂ©termine les autres Ă©tats locaux de conscience – ou un reflet externe (indiquĂ©e par l’ouverture des yeux) – peu reprĂ©sentatif pour certains patients. Ainsi, mesurer globalement la fonction du cerveau, dans son corps et en relation avec son monde, permettrait une approche Ă©cologique pragmatique du concept d’embodiment de la conscienceThe coma is the most severe stage of acute brain injury. It is characterized by a global disappearance of consciousness dimensions, including the loss of eyes-opening ability and the absence of reactivity to external stimulus. The relationship between this pathological absence of consciousness – associated to highly heterogeneous aetiologies – and the physiological loss of consciousness during sleep – highly homogeneous in its regulatory mechanisms – has been managed in the current literature in a sleep-like architecture view. However, this analogy seems to perform only for chronic disorders of consciousness that present a behavioural recovery of wakefulness (as chronic coma without any eyes-opening reflex is unusual) classically associated to neurophysiological signs (as the cases of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome without sleep/wake-like alternations are in minority). Because of a stunned arousal oscillatory system, the residual function of the Flip-Flop model assessed during the acute period would not allow attributing a formal stage to each level of fluctuations due to the high variability across patients. A quantitative description of fluctuations should be rather considered. The present thesis has conducted this alternative analysis of wakefulness modulations using neurophysiological markers, related to behavioural clues accessible by eyelid’s movements and to endogenous circadian or exogeneous determinants. Eighteen patients have been included in a multimodal study at the early phase of awakening (after sedation withdrawal and before any response to simple command). It consisted in a 24h polysomnography associated to an infrared video of eyes opening-closing periods, an assessment of urinary hormones (melatonin and cortisol) and the environmental recording of light, sound and nursing. Confronting every analysis has delineated several markers proving an overall respect of the “global state of consciousness” determinants. Despite not currently expressed as recovery, the association to a favourable prognosis would indicate that the basal conditions for a future expression of consciousness have been respected after the following observations: i) neurophysiological fluctuations are broad and have a high long-term predictability for the Alpha and Beta bands; ii) EEG, circadian hormones and behaviour follow a circadian rhythm; iii) the eye-opening periods are associated to a paradoxical reactivity of EEG, expressed as a reduced dominant frequency and an increased spatial variability in the Delta and Alpha bands; iv) the EEG changes induced by sound and nursing are broad and paradoxical; v) these processes appear early, while a late recovery of rhythms and reactivity could be concomitant to a partial cognitive recovery; vi) the Spindles-specific Sigma band power is high and the functional connectivity in Sigma and Beta bands have a rich repertory of night-time modulations. This novel approach apprehends the coma recovery as a dynamic process to be quantified and confronted to the multiplicity of its determinisms rather than between-states leaps associated to poorly defined consciousness levels. Introducing the oscillatory perspective into the natural history of consciousness loss and reappearance may give a non-invasive anatomo-clinical insight into the function of sub-cortical areas regulating sleep-wake cycles by integrating homeostatic and circadian processes. The differential long-term reactivity of EEG and behavioural dimensions provides a complementary information about the afferent brainstem functions modulating the global state of wakefulness (better approximated by EEG measures) – that creates in turn the conditions for local states of consciousness – or an external reflection (assessed by eyes opening) – that could be poorly relevant for some patients. Altogether, assessing the brain function in its bodily determinants alongside its world should offer a pragmatical ecological approach for consciousness embodimen

    L’usage des rĂ©seaux sociaux par les sportifs professionnels

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    En quelques annĂ©es, l’avĂšnement du web 2.0 et des rĂ©seaux sociaux a transformĂ© la dimension mĂ©diatique du sport de haut niveau. Des enjeux comme la publicitĂ© de la vie privĂ©e, le social media marketing ou la gestion de l’e-rĂ©putation ont fait leur apparition et s’imposent dĂ©sormais aux nombreux acteurs du sport de haut niveau : clubs, sponsors, mĂ©dias, supporters, sportifs, etc. Dans un monde de plus en plus connectĂ©, le moindre faux pas d’un sportif de haut niveau peut donc faire le tour du web. C’est le dĂ©rapage du footballeur Serge Aurier sur le rĂ©seau social Periscope en 2016 qui a rĂ©ellement mis sur le devant de la scĂšne la question de l’usage des rĂ©seaux sociaux par les sportifs professionnels. Afin de saisir cette problĂ©matique dans sa globalitĂ©, nous avons d’abord puisĂ© des Ă©lĂ©ments thĂ©oriques dans des textes scientifiques et des articles de presse afin de rendre compte du phĂ©nomĂšne Ă©tudiĂ©. Ensuite, Ă  travers des entretiens rĂ©alisĂ©s avec Steve Darcis, Julien Watrin, Maxime Monfort et John-John Dohmen, nous avons dĂ©cortiquĂ© les pratiques de ces sportifs professionnels belges sur des rĂ©seaux sociaux comme Facebook, Twitter et Instagram. Cette dĂ©marche nous a montrĂ© que, mĂȘme si ces sportifs mettent en Ă©vidence les nombreux avantages des rĂ©seaux sociaux, ils sont loin d’en ĂȘtre dĂ©pendants et sont conscients des limites Ă  ne pas dĂ©passer.Master [120] en information et communication, UniversitĂ© catholique de Louvain, 2018La diffusion de ce mĂ©moire n'est pas autorisĂ©e par l'institutio

    Exploration multimodale de la conscience lors du coma et de l’éveil : depuis la caractĂ©risation polysomnographique des fluctuations jusqu’à l’analyse des synergies et dyssynergies comportementales, biologiques ou neurophysiologiques et leur Ă©volution

    No full text
    The coma is the most severe stage of acute brain injury. It is characterized by a global disappearance of consciousness dimensions, including the loss of eyes-opening ability and the absence of reactivity to external stimulus. The relationship between this pathological absence of consciousness – associated to highly heterogeneous aetiologies – and the physiological loss of consciousness during sleep – highly homogeneous in its regulatory mechanisms – has been managed in the current literature in a sleep-like architecture view. However, this analogy seems to perform only for chronic disorders of consciousness that present a behavioural recovery of wakefulness (as chronic coma without any eyes-opening reflex is unusual) classically associated to neurophysiological signs (as the cases of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome without sleep/wake-like alternations are in minority). Because of a stunned arousal oscillatory system, the residual function of the Flip-Flop model assessed during the acute period would not allow attributing a formal stage to each level of fluctuations due to the high variability across patients. A quantitative description of fluctuations should be rather considered. The present thesis has conducted this alternative analysis of wakefulness modulations using neurophysiological markers, related to behavioural clues accessible by eyelid’s movements and to endogenous circadian or exogeneous determinants. Eighteen patients have been included in a multimodal study at the early phase of awakening (after sedation withdrawal and before any response to simple command). It consisted in a 24h polysomnography associated to an infrared video of eyes opening-closing periods, an assessment of urinary hormones (melatonin and cortisol) and the environmental recording of light, sound and nursing. Confronting every analysis has delineated several markers proving an overall respect of the “global state of consciousness” determinants. Despite not currently expressed as recovery, the association to a favourable prognosis would indicate that the basal conditions for a future expression of consciousness have been respected after the following observations: i) neurophysiological fluctuations are broad and have a high long-term predictability for the Alpha and Beta bands; ii) EEG, circadian hormones and behaviour follow a circadian rhythm; iii) the eye-opening periods are associated to a paradoxical reactivity of EEG, expressed as a reduced dominant frequency and an increased spatial variability in the Delta and Alpha bands; iv) the EEG changes induced by sound and nursing are broad and paradoxical; v) these processes appear early, while a late recovery of rhythms and reactivity could be concomitant to a partial cognitive recovery; vi) the Spindles-specific Sigma band power is high and the functional connectivity in Sigma and Beta bands have a rich repertory of night-time modulations. This novel approach apprehends the coma recovery as a dynamic process to be quantified and confronted to the multiplicity of its determinisms rather than between-states leaps associated to poorly defined consciousness levels. Introducing the oscillatory perspective into the natural history of consciousness loss and reappearance may give a non-invasive anatomo-clinical insight into the function of sub-cortical areas regulating sleep-wake cycles by integrating homeostatic and circadian processes. The differential long-term reactivity of EEG and behavioural dimensions provides a complementary information about the afferent brainstem functions modulating the global state of wakefulness (better approximated by EEG measures) – that creates in turn the conditions for local states of consciousness – or an external reflection (assessed by eyes opening) – that could be poorly relevant for some patients. Altogether, assessing the brain function in its bodily determinants alongside its world should offer a pragmatical ecological approach for consciousness embodimentStade le plus sĂ©vĂšre de l’agression cĂ©rĂ©brale aigĂŒe, le coma est caractĂ©risĂ© par une disparition globale de toutes les dimensions de la conscience et s’exprime par une perte de l’ouverture des yeux et de toute rĂ©activitĂ© aux stimulations. Les relations entre cette absence de conscience pathologique – de causes hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes – et la perte de conscience physiologique du sommeil – homogĂšne dans ses mĂ©canismes rĂ©gulateurs – ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature sous l’angle de l’architecture du sommeil. Mais cette analogie ne semble fructueuse que dans les formes chroniques prĂ©sentant une rĂ©cupĂ©ration de la vigilance comportementale (le coma chronique sans ouverture des yeux Ă©tant exceptionnel) ou neurophysiologique (les Ă©veils non-rĂ©pondants sans aucun cycle veille-sommeil Ă©tant minoritaires). Au cours de la sidĂ©ration aigĂŒe du systĂšme oscillatoire veille-sommeil, la fonctionnalitĂ© rĂ©siduelle du Flip-Flop model ne permettrait pas une attribution d’état Ă  chaque pĂ©riode – trop variable entre les patients – mais une description quantitative des fluctuations. Cette thĂšse propose de conduire cette analyse alternative des modulations neurophysiologiques de la vigilance, en lien avec le comportement accessible par les mouvements des paupiĂšres et les dĂ©terminants endogĂšnes circadiens ou exogĂšnes. Dix-huit patients ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans une Ă©tude multimodale Ă  la phase prĂ©coce de leur rĂ©veil (hors sĂ©dation mais sans rĂ©ponse aux ordres simples) incluant une polysomnographie de 24h, un film infrarouge de l’ouverture et de la fermeture des yeux, des mesures hormonales urinaires (mĂ©latonine et cortisol) et un enregistrement environnemental de la lumiĂšre, du son et des soins. Plusieurs marqueurs issus de la confrontation entre ces analyses seraient associĂ©s au respect des dĂ©terminants de l’état global de conscience. Bien que non encore exprimĂ©e, l’association Ă  un pronostic favorable indiquerait que les conditions de l’expression ultĂ©rieure de la conscience seraient respectĂ©es si : i) les fluctuations neurophysiologiques sont amples et prĂ©sentent une forte prĂ©dictibilitĂ© de long terme (Alpha et Beta); ii) l’EEG, les hormones et le comportement suivent tous un rythme circadien; iii) les pĂ©riodes d’ouverture des yeux sont associĂ©es Ă  une rĂ©activitĂ© paradoxale de l’EEG s’exprimant par une baisse de la frĂ©quence dominante et une augmentation de la variabilitĂ© spatiale (Delta et Alpha); iv) les modifications de l’EEG par le son et les soins sont amples et paradoxales; v) ces processus apparaissent prĂ©cocement, alors que la rĂ©cupĂ©ration tardive des rythmes et de la rĂ©activitĂ© pourrait n’ĂȘtre que concomitante Ă  une amĂ©lioration cognitive partielle; vi) la puissance dans la bande Sigma (fuseaux de sommeil) est haute et la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle dans le Sigma et le Beta prĂ©sente un riche rĂ©pertoire au cours de la nuit. Au total, cette approche permet d’apprĂ©hender la rĂ©cupĂ©ration du coma comme une dynamique Ă  objectiver et Ă  confronter dans la multiplicitĂ© de ses dĂ©terminants, plutĂŽt que comme des sauts entre des Ă©tats correspondant Ă  des niveaux de conscience de dĂ©finition incertaine. Introduire cette conception oscillatoire de l’histoire naturelle de la perte et du retour Ă  conscience fournirait, dans une optique anatomo-clinique, une mesure non invasive de la fonction des rĂ©gions sous-corticales rĂ©gulant les cycles veille-sommeil en intĂ©grant les mĂ©canismes homĂ©ostatiques et circadiens. La rĂ©activitĂ© de long terme pour l’EEG et le comportement apporte une information complĂ©mentaire sur la fonctionnalitĂ© du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral dans sa fonction affĂ©rente pour moduler l’état global de vigilance (mieux Ă©valuĂ©e par EEG) – qui dĂ©termine les autres Ă©tats locaux de conscience – ou un reflet externe (indiquĂ©e par l’ouverture des yeux) – peu reprĂ©sentatif pour certains patients. Ainsi, mesurer globalement la fonction du cerveau, dans son corps et en relation avec son monde, permettrait une approche Ă©cologique pragmatique du concept d’embodiment de la conscienc

    Virtually spatialized sounds enhance auditory processing in healthy participants and patients with a disorder of consciousness

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    International audienceNeuroscientific and clinical studies on auditory perception often use headphones to limit sound interference. In these conditions, sounds are perceived as internalized because they lack the sound-attributes that normally occur with a sound produced from a point in space around the listener. Without the spatial attention mechanisms that occur with localized sounds, auditory functional assessments could thus be underestimated. We hypothesize that adding virtually externalization and localization cues to sounds through headphones enhance sound discrimination in both healthy participants and patients with a disorder of consciousness (DOC). Hd-EEG was analyzed in 14 healthy participants and 18 patients while they listened to self-relevant and irrelevant stimuli in two forms: diotic (classic sound presentation with an "internalized" feeling) and convolved with a binaural room impulse response (to create an "externalized" feeling). Convolution enhanced the brains' discriminative response as well as the processing of irrelevant sounds itself, in both healthy participants and DOC patients. For the healthy participants, these effects could be associated with enhanced activation of both the dorsal (where/how) and ventral (what) auditory streams, suggesting that spatial attributes support speech discrimination. Thus, virtually spatialized sounds might "call attention to the outside world" and improve the sensitivity of assessment of brain function in DOC patients

    Towards plant resistance to viruses using protein-only RNase P

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    International audiencePlant viruses cause massive crop yield loss worldwide. Most plant viruses are RNA viruses, many of which contain a functional tRNA-like structure. RNase P has the enzymatic activity to catalyze the 5â€Č maturation of precursor tRNAs. It is also able to cleave tRNA-like structures. However, RNase P enzymes only accumulate in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts rather than cytosol where virus replication takes place. Here, we report a biotechnology strategy based on the re-localization of plant protein-only RNase P to the cytosol (CytoRP) to target plant viruses tRNA-like structures and thus hamper virus replication. We demonstrate the cytosol localization of protein-only RNase P in Arabidopsis protoplasts. In addition, we provide in vitro evidences for CytoRP to cleave turnip yellow mosaic virus and oilseed rape mosaic virus. However, we observe varied in vivo results. The possible reasons have been discussed. Overall, the results provided here show the potential of using CytoRP for combating some plant viral diseases
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