77 research outputs found
A Global Approach for Solving Edge-Matching Puzzles
We consider apictorial edge-matching puzzles, in which the goal is to arrange
a collection of puzzle pieces with colored edges so that the colors match along
the edges of adjacent pieces. We devise an algebraic representation for this
problem and provide conditions under which it exactly characterizes a puzzle.
Using the new representation, we recast the combinatorial, discrete problem of
solving puzzles as a global, polynomial system of equations with continuous
variables. We further propose new algorithms for generating approximate
solutions to the continuous problem by solving a sequence of convex
relaxations
High Spatial Resolution BRDFs with Metallic powders Using Wave Optics Analysis
This manuscript completes the analysis of our SIGGRAPH 2013 paper "Fabricating BRDFs at High Spatial Resolution Using Wave Optics" in which photolithography fabrication was used for manipulating reflectance effects. While photolithography allows for precise reflectance control, it is costly to fabricate. Here we explore an inexpensive alternative to micro-fabrication, in the form of metallic powders. Such powders are readily available at a variety of particle sizes and morphologies. Using an analysis similar to the micro-fabrication paper, we provide guidelines for the relation between the particles' shape and size and the reflectance functions they can produce
SPEGTI: Structured Prediction for Efficient Generative Text-to-Image Models
Modern text-to-image generation models produce high-quality images that are
both photorealistic and faithful to the text prompts. However, this quality
comes at significant computational cost: nearly all of these models are
iterative and require running inference multiple times with large models. This
iterative process is needed to ensure that different regions of the image are
not only aligned with the text prompt, but also compatible with each other. In
this work, we propose a light-weight approach to achieving this compatibility
between different regions of an image, using a Markov Random Field (MRF) model.
This method is shown to work in conjunction with the recently proposed Muse
model. The MRF encodes the compatibility among image tokens at different
spatial locations and enables us to significantly reduce the required number of
Muse prediction steps. Inference with the MRF is significantly cheaper, and its
parameters can be quickly learned through back-propagation by modeling MRF
inference as a differentiable neural-network layer. Our full model, SPEGTI,
uses this proposed MRF model to speed up Muse by 1.5X with no loss in output
image quality
Rethinking FID: Towards a Better Evaluation Metric for Image Generation
As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation
methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the
Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a
distribution of Inception-v3 features of real images, and those of images
generated by the algorithm. We highlight important drawbacks of FID:
Inception's poor representation of the rich and varied content generated by
modern text-to-image models, incorrect normality assumptions, and poor sample
complexity. We call for a reevaluation of FID's use as the primary quality
metric for generated images. We empirically demonstrate that FID contradicts
human raters, it does not reflect gradual improvement of iterative
text-to-image models, it does not capture distortion levels, and that it
produces inconsistent results when varying the sample size. We also propose an
alternative new metric, CMMD, based on richer CLIP embeddings and the maximum
mean discrepancy distance with the Gaussian RBF kernel. It is an unbiased
estimator that does not make any assumptions on the probability distribution of
the embeddings and is sample efficient. Through extensive experiments and
analysis, we demonstrate that FID-based evaluations of text-to-image models may
be unreliable, and that CMMD offers a more robust and reliable assessment of
image quality.Comment: Code is available at:
https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/cmm
Fabricating BRDFs at high spatial resolution using wave optics
Recent attempts to fabricate surfaces with custom reflectance functions boast impressive angular resolution, yet their spatial resolution is limited. In this paper we present a method to construct spatially varying reflectance at a high resolution of up to 220dpi, orders of magnitude greater than previous attempts, albeit with a lower angular resolution. The resolution of previous approaches is limited by the machining, but more fundamentally, by the geometric optics model on which they are built. Beyond a certain scale geometric optics models break down and wave effects must be taken into account. We present an analysis of incoherent reflectance based on wave optics and gain important insights into reflectance design. We further suggest and demonstrate a practical method, which takes into account the limitations of existing micro-fabrication techniques such as photolithography to design and fabricate a range of reflection effects, based on wave interference.United States-Israel Binational Science FoundationIntel Corporation (Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Computational Intelligence)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CGV 1116303
Helium Shell Detonations on Low Mass White Dwarfs as a Possible Explanation for SN 2005E
Recently several type Ib supernovae (SNe; with the prototypical SN 2005E)
have been shown to have atypical properties. These SNe are faint (absolute peak
magnitude of ~ -15) and fast SNe that show unique composition. They are
inferred to have low ejecta mass (a few tenths of a solar mass) and to be
highly enriched in calcium, but poor in silicon elements and nickel. These SNe
were therefore suggested to belong to a new class of calcium-rich faint SNe
explosions. Their properties were proposed to be the result of helium
detonations that may occur on helium accreting white dwarfs. In this paper we
theoretically study the scenario of helium detonations, and focus on the
results of detonations in accreted helium layers on low mass carbon-oxygen (CO)
cores. We present new results from one dimensional simulations of such
explosions, including their light curves and spectra. We find that when the
density of the helium layer is low enough the helium detonation produces large
amounts of intermediate elements, such as calcium and titanium, together with a
large amount of unburnt helium. Our results suggest that the properties of
calcium-rich faint SNe could indeed be consistent with the helium-detonation
scenario on small CO cores. Above a certain density (larger CO cores) the
detonation leaves mainly 56Ni and unburnt helium, and the predicted spectrum
will unlikely fit the unique features of this class of SNe. Finally, none of
our studied models reproduces the bright, fast evolving light curves of another
type of peculiar SNe suggested to originate in helium detonations (SNe 1885A,
1939B and 2002bj).Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Sub-Chandrasekhar Mass Models For Type Ia Supernovae
For carbon-oxygen white dwarfs accreting hydrogen or helium at rates in the
range ~1-10 x 10^(-8) Msun/y, a variety of explosive outcomes is possible well
before the star reaches the Chandrasekhar mass. These outcomes are surveyed for
a range of white dwarf masses (0.7 - 1.1 Msun), accretion rates (1 - 7 x
10^(-8) Msun/y), and initial white dwarf temperatures (0.01 and 1 Lsun). The
results are particularly sensitive to the convection that goes on during the
last few minutes before the explosion. Unless this convection maintains a
shallow temperature gradient, and unless the density is sufficiently high, the
accreted helium does not detonate. Below a critical helium ignition density,
which we estimate to be 5 - 10 x 10^5 g cm^(-3), either helium novae or helium
deflagrations result. The hydrodynamics, nucleosynthesis, light curves, and
spectra of a representative sample of detonating and deflagrating models are
explored. Some can be quite faint indeed, powered at peak for a few days by the
decay of 48Cr and 48V. Only the hottest, most massive white dwarfs considered
with the smallest helium layers, show reasonable agreement with the light
curves and spectra of common Type Ia supernovae. For the other models,
especially those involving lighter white dwarfs, the helium shell mass exceeds
0.05 Msun and the mass of the 56Ni that is synthesized exceeds 0.01 Msun. These
explosions do not look like ordinary Type Ia supernovae, or any other
frequently observed transient.Comment: submitted to Ap
EcoliWiki: a wiki-based community resource for Escherichia coli
EcoliWiki is the community annotation component of the PortEco (http://porteco.org; formerly EcoliHub) project, an online data resource that integrates information on laboratory strains of Escherichia coli, its phages, plasmids and mobile genetic elements. As one of the early adopters of the wiki approach to model organism databases, EcoliWiki was designed to not only facilitate community-driven sharing of biological knowledge about E. coli as a model organism, but also to be interoperable with other data resources. EcoliWiki content currently covers genes from five laboratory E. coli strains, 21 bacteriophage genomes, F plasmid and eight transposons. EcoliWiki integrates the Mediawiki wiki platform with other open-source software tools and in-house software development to extend how wikis can be used for model organism databases. EcoliWiki can be accessed online at http://ecoliwiki.net
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