Arterial, Mixed Venous or Central Venous Hemogasometry and End Tidal CO2 in Dogs under Different Hemodynamic States

Background: Hemogasometric analysis is used in the interpretation of acid-base balance (ABB) and to access pulmonary ventilation. Already mixed venous oxygen saturation obtained at pulmonary artery correlates with tissue oxygenation. However, both samples can be difficult to access because of the difficulties in arterial and pulmonary catheterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the arterial and mixed venous bloods, the end tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and central venous blood in the analysis of pulmonary ventilation, tissue oxygenation and ABB in dogs under different hemodynamic states.Material, Methods & Results: Nine dogs were used with an average weight of 19.6 ± 1.3 kg, anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% diluted on oxygen 60% (Baseline), and subsequently undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and the hypodinamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 50 mmHg and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) by dobutamine infusion at 5 μg/kg/min and with MAP 30% higher than baseline. For each time allowed a 15 min of stabilization by each hemodynamic status. Simultaneously were collected samples of 0.6 mL of arterial blood by metatarsal artery, mixed and central venous blood by pulmonary artery and right atrium for hemogasometric analysis. To access lung function we correlated and compared the EtCO2 values obtained by gas analyzer with expired carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood (PaCO2), mixed venous blood (PmvCO2) and central venous blood (PcvCO2). For the interpretation of tissue oxygenation we correlated and compared the values of mixed (SmvO2) and central (ScvO2) venous oxygen saturation. For the acid-base balance we used the correlation of potencial hydrogen (pH); carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2); bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); base excess (BE); anion GAP (AG); sodium ions (Na+), chlorine ions (Cl-), potassium ions (K+) and ionized calcium (iCa) of arterial (a) mixed venous (mv) and central venous (CV) bloods. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA-RM followed by Dunnet test for differences between times and Tukey’s test for differences among the samples (P ≤ 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis was performed using linear regression and for comparison methods we used the Bland-Altman analysis The EtCO2 values correlated (r = 0.87) and were according to Bland-Altman analysis with PaCO2 values (mean difference of -1.6 ± 2,9 mmHg for PaCO2. There were no differences (P ≤ 0.05) from SmvO2 and ScvO2. ScvO2 correlated (r = 0.91) with SmvO2 at different hemodynamic states and with a mean difference of -0.4 ± 2.5%. Both venous bloods were correlated with the analysis of arterial blood acid-base balance and electrolytes in different hemodynamic states. However, the ionized calcium levels were 40% lower in arterial blood.Discussion: EtCO2 measurement depends of monitor technology and proper pulmonar ventilation and perfusion. In this study the limiting factor in replacing the PaCO2 hair EtCO2 was spontaneous ventilation because in this state pulmonary ventilation is compromissed. With the use of MV was possible get up similar results in the pulmonar function analysis using the EtCO2 and PaCO2. The use of central venous blood instead mixed venous blood at oxygen saturation analysis provided adequate estimate this parameter. This being easier and less invasive technique. ABB was possible with all samples with own reference values for venous and arterial samples. This is an interesting result for critical patients where the arterial sample is difficult. In electrolytes the sample was indifferent except for calcium because pH interfere in this values. It was conclude that the values of EtCO2 and central venous blood are correlated and can replace arterial and mixed venous bloods in the analysis of lung function, tissue oxygenation and acid base balance

“AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOCUMENTARY SERIES ANOTHER SCHOOL”

Dissertação de Mestrado em Serviço Social apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da EducaçãoEste trabalho pretende aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o impacte da implementação de políticas educativas promotoras de sucesso escolar e inclusão social, bem como contribuir para aprofundar a relação entre a Educação e o Serviço Social, em especial no ensino pré-escolar e escolar, como mecanismo de construção de uma sociedade mais inclusiva. O trabalho está dividido em duas partes, a primeira foi desenvolvida com pesquisa bibliográfica, no âmbito do Serviço Social, Educação, Direitos Humanos, Políticas Sociais, Psicologia, Pedagogia. A segunda parte resulta da análise realizada da série documental “Outra Escola” exibido na RTP2 no período de 27 de Outubro de 2019 até 19 de Janeiro de 2020, que expõe a visão de vários atores envolvidos no processo educativo. O trabalho de campo desta investigação é de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, centrado num estudo de caso e numa abordagem documental, analisou os vídeos, o 4º episódio Outra Escola Ensino Doméstico - Família Fox Val, Ensino Doméstico, Charneca da Caparica; 5º episódio Outra Escola-Intuição, Sentir - Turma 3º ano, Escola Jardim do Monte, Pedagogia Waldorf, Alhandra; 8º Episódio-Outra Escola- Sala 2 e 3 anos, Creche e Jardim de Infância Colégio do Vale, Charneca da Caparica; 9º Episódio Outra Escola- Transversalidade: Disciplinas e Ferramentas - Turma 4º ano, Park International Scholl, Restelo; 11º Episódio- Outra Escola- O papel fundamental do professor na vida do aluno; 12º Episódio- Outra Escola- perfil Alunos seculo XXI. As questões de investigação de partida foram: Os modelos pedagógicos e os modos de aprendizagens atuais são promotores de ensino inclusivo, permitindo a identificação de problemas sociais? - Qual o lugar do assistente social na escola que se pretende inclusiva? Sendo os objetivos gerais deste estudo: - Conhecer a forma como os intervenientes nos vídeos analisados, descrevem modelos pedagógicos e os modos de aprendizagem, identificados como promotores de ensino inclusivo e permitem identificar possíveis problemas sociais; e compreender porque os elementos contextuais presentes nas abordagens nos vídeos selecionados não destacam o papel do assistente social. Na recolha e interpretação de dados, foi realizada a análise de conteúdo, que seguiu as orientações de Bardin (2011). Nos modelos de pedagógicos e modos de aprendizagem focados nos vários episódios visionados, percebe-se a preocupação com a promoção de valores humanistas e holísticos, que são fundamentais para que a Educação tenha a preocupação com o ensino inclusivo. No entanto nas várias abordagens apresentadas pelos participantes não fica clara a preocupação com a identificação de problemas sociais das crianças/famílias/comunidade; concluímos também que em nenhum dos episódios é focada a possibilidade da existência de um assistente social, como sendo necessário para a promoção da Escola Inclusiva.This work intends to deepen the knowledge about the impact of the implementation of educational policies that promote school success and social inclusion, as well as to contribute to deepening the relationship between Education and Social Work, especially in pre-school and school education, as a mechanism of building a more inclusive society. The work is divided into two parts, the first was developed with bibliographic research, within the scope of Social Service, Education, Human Rights, Social Policies, Psychology, Pedagogy. The second part results from the analysis of the documentary series “Outra Escola” aired on RTP2 from October 27, 2019 to January 19, 2020, which exposes the vision of various actors involved in the educational process. The fieldwork of this investigation is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive, centered on a case study and a documentary approach, analyzed the videos, the 4th episode Another School Teaching at Home - Fox Val Family, Teaching at Home, Charneca da Caparica; 5th episode Another School-Intuition, Feeling - Class 3rd year, Jardim do Monte School, Waldorf Pedagogy, Alhandra; 8th Episode-Another School- Room 2 and 3 years old, Kindergarten and Kindergarten Colégio do Vale, Charneca da Caparica; 9th Episode Another School- Transversality: Disciplines and Tools - Class 4th year, Park International Scholl, Restelo; 11th Episode- Another School- The teacher's fundamental role in the student'slife; 12th Episode- Another School- profile of Students in 21st century. The starting research questions were: Are pedagogical models and current learning modes promoters of inclusive education, allowing the identification of social problems? – What is the role of the social worker in the school that is intended to be inclusive? The general objectives of this study are: - To know how the participants in the analyzed vídeos describe pedagogical models and learning modes, identified as promoters of inclusive education and allow the identification of possible social problems; and understand why the contextual elements present in the approaches in the selected videos do no thigh light the role of the social worker. In the collection and interpretation of data, content analysis was performed, which followed the guidelines of Bardin (2011). In the pedagogical models and ways of learning focused on the various episodes seen, we can see the concern with the promotion of humanistic and holistic values, which are fundamental for Education to be concerned with inclusive teaching. However, in the various approaches presented by the participants, the concern with the identification of social problems of children/families/community is not clear; We also concluded that in none of the episodes the possibility of the existence of a social worker is focused, as being necessary for the promotion of the Inclusive School

Influência do Disclosure de Gênero na Sustentabilidade Empresarial das Empresas Brasileiras

The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of gender disclosure on the corporate sustainability of Brazilian companies that had their reports prepared in accordance with the GRI standard. For this purpose, the term “gender disclosure” means social disclosure related to SDG5 – Gender Equality. For this purpose, a descriptive, documentary and quantitative data approach was carried out, in a sample of 61 sustainability reports published in 2019 in the GRI database. It was identified that the disclosure of gender is positively associated with the sustainability of companies. Thus, it is shown that to achieve a higher level of sustainability, companies look for competitive strategies, such as gender disclosure.O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar a influência do disclosure de gênero na sustentabilidade empresarial das empresas brasileiras que tiveram seus relatórios elaborados no padrão GRI. Para esse fim, o termo “disclosure de gênero” significa disclosuresocial relacionado aos ODS5 – Igualdade de gênero. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, documental e com abordagem quantitativa dos dados, em uma amostra de 61 relatórios de sustentabilidade publicados em 2019, na base de dados do GRI. Foi identificado que o disclosure de gênero se associa positivamente com o a sustentabilidade das empresas. Assim, denota-se que para conseguir maior nível de sustentabilidade, as empresas buscam por estratégias competitivas, como por exemplo, o disclosure de gênero

RESISTÊNCIA À GEADA E CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE Toona ciliata EM CULTIVOS CONSORCIADOS COM Eucalyptus grandis EM DIFERENTES ADUBAÇÕES

Nutritional restriction and the occurrence of frost in southern Brazil often affects the growth of forest stands. In order to quantify the initial growth and resistance to frost of Toonna ciliata plants, in crops intercropped with Eucalyptus grandis in different fertilization, an experiment was conducted at UFSM, campus Frederico Westphalen, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications, in factorial 2 x 2 x 3: two forest species (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Toona ciliata M. Roem var. australis), two types of stands (single and intercropped) and three types of fertilizer (NPK, NPK + Si and NP slow-release + K + biostimulant). The growth of plant height was measured at different dates, up to 346 days after planting. At the end of this period, it was quantified the diameter at breast height and dry mass of shoots. The assesment of the level of damage to the plants and the degree of resistance to frost was with grading based on the entire plant and tree canopy. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant (p ≤ 0.05), we proceeded to compare the treatment by means of Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The two forest species were tolerant to frost, but with greater damage to the leaf area in plants Toona ciliata against the Eucalyptus grandis. The cultivation Toona ciliata under protection the Eucalyptus grandis has not diminished the damage to frost in the first year of field deployment. The use of slow-release fertilizer, Si and biostimulant did not contribute to increasing growth and resistance to frost the plants of the two forest species

Cardiac index by thermodilution or transthoracic echocardiography in dogs at different hemodynamic states

ABSTRACT: Proper monitoring of cardiac index (CI) in critically ill patients requires accurate and minimally invasive methods. The aim of this study was to compare the CI values obtained by thermodilution or echocardiography using different methods in dogs in different hemodynamic states. Nine dogs weighing 19.6±1.3kg were anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4V% (Baseline) and subjected to mechanical ventilation (MV),a hypodynamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and hyperdynamic state (hyper) with dobutamine infusion at 5μgkg-1min-1. CI analysis was performed by thermodilution (TD) and using the modified Simpson's method, aortic velocity-time integral (A-VTI) method and pulmonary VTI (P-VTI) method. We performed Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. The CI values (Lm-2min-1) of the animals in the Baseline, MV, Hypo and Hyper states were 4.3±1, 3.6±0.7, 2.9±0.66 and 6.1±2, for TD; 2.8±0.7, 2.4±0.3, 1.7±0.7 and 4.4±1.2, for Simpson's method; 3.4±0.9, 3.1±0.7, 2.6±3.4, 6.1±1.8 for A-VTI; and 3.6±0.8, 3.6±0.8, 2.7±0.6 and 6.2±1.5, for P-VTI. The CI values using Simpson's method were lower than those obtained by TD in all states, and it was observed a significant correlation in the Hypo (r=0.89) and Hyper (r=0.76) groups. In addition,the percent error in the Hypo group using Simpson's method was 26% relative to TD, which allowed for the identification of the different hemodynamic states. With respect to the other methods and states, there was no agreement or correlation between the methods and TD. We concluded that none of the tested echocardiography methods exhibited acceptable agreement with thermodilution at different hemodynamic states

Associação da variabilidade da precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico Linking rainfall variability in Santa Maria with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a associação da variabilidade interdecadal da chuva em Santa Maria, RS, com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico. Parte da variabilidade interanual da precipitação pluvial é explicada pelo fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS), que acontece no Oceano Pacífico. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, foi relatada outra oscilação na temperatura do Oceano Pacífico, de duração maior que o ENOS, denominada Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP). Foram usados os dados mensais acumulados de precipitação do período 1912-2008, da Estação Climatológica principal de Santa Maria, e os valores mensais do índice ODP do mesmo período. A análise foi realizada em nível anual, semestral (primeiro e segundo semestre), sazonal (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e mensal. Existe associação entre a chuva e a ODP, de modo que décadas com chuvas acima da normal são associadas à fase quente da ODP, intercaladas com décadas com chuva abaixo da normal associadas à fase fria da ODP, o que indica oscilações periódicas de médio e longo prazo na precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria, RS.<br>The objective of this work was to verify the association of the interdecadal variability of rainfall in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Part of the interannual variation in rainfall is explained by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean. In the second half of the 1990s, another oscillation in the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean was reported, with greater duration than ENSO, named the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Monthly precipitation data collected at the Meteorological Station of Santa Maria of the 1912-2008 period and monthly PDO indices of the same period were used. The analyses were performed on an annual, semestral (first and second semester), seasonal (Summer, Fall, Winter, and Spring), and monthly basis. There is a link between rainfall and PDO, because decades with precipitation higher than normal are associated with a warm phase of PDO, followed by decades with below-normal rainfall associated with a cool phase of PDO, which indicate mid and long-term periodic oscillations of rainfall in Santa Maria