Origen y evolución del Seguro Obligatorio de Accidentes de Trabajo y Enfermedades Profesionales en Italia

In Italy the origin of the mandatory insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases has been characterized by an intense debate that follows the subsequent evolution of this protection. Even today the relations between the mandatory insurance and the liability are subject to opposite opinions that cause many uncertainties on the interpretation and application of the relevant legislation; the uncertainties increased when under the framework of the civil liability new type of damages - not fully covered by the insurance - arose. Starting from an overview of the different positions of the debate, the text analyzes the many issues that make uncertain the relationship between the two protections, proposing a clear distinction that is consistent with their constitutional functions.El origen en Italia del seguro obligatorio de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales estuvo marcado por un intenso debate, el cual ha proseguido a lo largo de su evolución. Hoy en día todavía la relación entre el seguro obligatorio y la responsabilidad civil son objetos de posiciones contrapuestas, las cuales aumentan a partir que, en el ámbito de la responsabilidad civil emergen nuevas figuras respecto al daño a la persona, las cuales no encuentran completo reconocimiento en la tutela asegurativa. Teniendo en cuenta las diversas posiciones del debate, el presente artículo examina los muchos problemas que continúan aún inciertos en la relación entre ambas instituciones, proponiéndose esclarecer el tema, siempre en concordancia con los mandatos constitucionales

Prepositions as relators in Italian Prepositional Compounds

In this paper, we propose a morphosyntactic analysis of Prepositional Compounds in Italian. We argue that while prepositions are not meaningless, their content isn't too rich, either. We propose that they can be treated as general relators (along the lines of Manzini & Franco's (2016) treatment of locative and oblique prepositions) which can express different directions of inclusion between the nominal items which are part of the compound. The lexicalization patterns are coherent with the syncretism found in other aspects of the grammar (e.g. locative/oblique prepositions). At the same time, the specific lexicalizations of these prepositions are ultimately determined by the morphosyntactic context in which they are embedded, highlighting the key role played by the syntactic context in shaping a vocabulary entry. One advantage of our proposal lies in its minimality: the prepositions only encode general relators with varying directionalities; they are not burdened with semantic content. The relevant interpretations of Prepositional Compounds are ultimately derived by pragmatic enrichment at the C-I interface on the basis of the elementary content expressed by the preposition

Extraocular muscle sampled volume in Graves' orbitopathy using 3-T fast spin-echo MRI with iterative decomposition of water and fat sequences

Abstract Background: Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for measuring extraocular muscle (EOM) volume enlargement are not ideally suited for routine follow-up of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) because the difficulty of segmenting the muscles at the tendon insertion complicates and lengthens the study protocol. Purpose: To measure the EOM sampled volume (SV) and assess its correlation with proptosis. Material and Methods: A total of 37 patients with newly diagnosed GO underwent 3-T MRI scanning with iterative decomposition of water and fat (IDEAL) sequences with and without contrast enhancement. In each patient, the three largest contiguous coronal cross-sectional areas (CSA) on the EOM slices were segmented using a polygon selection tool and then summed to compute the EOM-SV. Proptosis was evaluated with the Hertel index (HI). The relationships between the HI value and EOM-SV and between HI and EOM-CSA were compared and assessed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the univariate regression coefficient. Inter-observer and intra-observer variability were calculated. Results: HI showed a stronger correlation with EOM-SV (P<0.001; r¼0.712, r2¼0.507) than with EOM-CSA (P<0.001; r¼0.645 and r2¼0.329). The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated that the inter-observer agreement was high (0.998). The standard deviation between repeated measurements was 1.9–5.3%. Conclusion: IDEAL sequences allow for the measurement EOM-SV both on non-contrast and contrast-enhanced scans. EOM-SV predicts proptosis more accurately than does EOM-CSA. The measurement of EOM-SV is practical and reproducible. EOM-SV changes of 3.5–8.3% can be assumed to reflect true volume changes

SEGURIDADE SOCIAL: ITÁLIA E BRASIL

A evolução do direito do trabalho e previdenciário tem características que algumasvezes são comuns em nos diferentespaíses. Isso, particularmente, em matéria de saúde e segurança no trabalho e no sistema da aposentadoria. Nesta perspectiva, a comparação entre a Itália e Brasil pode ser particularmente interessante sob muitos pontos de vista. Com respeito à saúde e segurança no trabalho, a evolução da legislação europeia e italiana permitiu reduzir significativamente o número de acidentes e mortes no trabalho através de algumas medidas que tornaram economicamente rentáveis os investimentosem matéria de saúde e segurança no trabalho. Estes resultados demonstram que a segurança no trabalho pode ser um importante fator de desenvolvimento econômico para o país inteiro. Igualmente interessante para o Brasil é a evolução do sistema da aposentadoria italiana, especialmente em razãodobaixo impacto que as muitas reformas produziram por causa da falta de uma visão de longo prazo

Is the Stalk of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Druggable?

The spike protein is key to SARS-CoV-2 high infectivity because it facilitates the receptor binding domain (RBD) encounter with ACE2. As targeting subunit S1 has not yet delivered an ACE2-binding inhibitor, we have assessed the druggability of the conserved segment of the spike protein stalk within subunit S2 by means of an integrated computational approach that combines the molecular docking of an optimized library of fragments with high-throughput molecular dynamics simulations. The high propensity of the spike protein to mutate in key regions that are responsible for the recognition of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) or for the recognition of antibodies, has made subunit S1 of the spike protein difficult to target. Despite the inherent flexibility of the stalk region, our results suggest two hidden interhelical binding sites, whose accessibility is only partially hampered by glycan residues

Improved Sensorless Control of Multiphase Synchronous Reluctance Machine Under Position Sensor Fault

This article presents an investigation on the self- sensing capability of a dual three-phase synchronous reluctance motor. Self-sensing capability refers to the ability of the motor to properly operate in a sensorless drive. The multiphase machine is decomposed into two different three-phase systems according to the multistator approach. Several supply scenarios are studied where the two three-phase windings are controlled at different operating points along a reference trajectory. The analysis is carried out both with finite element analysis simulations and experimental tests. In the first part of this article, the rotor is locked to derive the observer trajectories and find the regions in which the motor can operate without position sensor. A comparison between simulated and experimental results is given. Finally, a sensorless control strategy that allows exploiting the motor self-sensing capability under position sensor fault is developed and validated through experimental tests

Transverse cervical megapophysis as an uncommon cause of torticollis

Congenital abnormalities of the spine are not uncommon in the general population and can be asymptomatic. Transverse megapophysis is a congenital anomaly manifested as an enlargement of the transverse processes, typically common in the lumbar vertebrae. Here, we describe a 4-month-old infant female with episodes of shooting pain and torticollis. At the beginning of the third month, the parents noticed she held her neck inclined towards the left side in a changeable way, and movement caused discomfort and crying. Muscular tonus, laboratory investigations, ECG and heart and transfontanellar ultrasound were normal. A cervical CT and MRI displayed at the C7 level a megapophysis transverse involving both sides. Treatment with no steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs twice a day and, after a few days, symptoms solved. At 8 months follow-up, neck maintains its natural position and no unmotivated pain has been noticed. Transverse C7 megapophysis presenting with torticollis is an example of a cause of severe pain in infancy, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infantile torticollis. Keywords: Transverse cervical megapophysis, Torticollis, Bertolotti syndrom

Optimization of Ni-Based WC/Co/Cr Composite Coatings Produced by Multilayer Laser Cladding

As a surface coating technique, laser cladding (LC) has been developed for improving wear, corrosion, and fatigue properties of mechanical components. The main advantage of this process is the capability of introducing hard particles such as SiC, TiC, and WC as reinforcements in the metallic matrix such as Ni-based alloy, Co-based alloy, and Fe-based alloy to form ceramic-metal composite coatings, which have very high hardness and good wear resistance. In this paper, Ni-based alloy (Colmonoy 227-F) and Tungsten Carbides/Cobalt/Chromium (WC/Co/Cr) composite coatings were fabricated by the multilayer laser cladding technique (MLC). An optimization procedure was implemented to obtain the combination of process parameters that minimizes the porosity and produces good adhesion to a stainless steel substrate. The optimization procedure was worked out with a mathematical model that was supported by an experimental analysis, which studied the shape of the clad track generated by melting coaxially fed powders with a laser. Microstructural and microhardness analysis completed the set of test performed on the coatings

OCT biomarkers as predictors of visual improvement in diabetic macular edema eyes receiving dexamethasone implants

Background: Several optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers have been proposed as predictors for functional and anatomical outcomes in Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). This study aims to examine the impact of these OCT features on the visual acuity improvement of patients with DME after long-acting Dexamethasone intravitreal implants (DEX-I) injection. Furthermore, the safety and impact of DEX-I on clinical parameters, including intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the medical records of naïve and non-naïve eyes with DME who received at least one DEX-I. The primary endpoint was visual acuity improvement of ≥ 5 ETDRS letters at 1 month and 4 months after treatment. Secondary outcomes were the changes in OCT biomarkers and the impact of DEX-I on IOP at 1 and 4 months of follow-up. Linear panel regression analysis was used to test for differences in central subfield thickness (CST) over time and it was stratified according to biomarkers at baseline. Finally, a logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors predicting visual improvement at 1 and 4 months. Results: We included 33 eyes of which 63.6% were at an advanced stage of DME. Overall, CST, cube average thickness (CAT), cube volume (CV), and intraretinal cystoid spaces > 200 μm (ICS) decreased following DEX-I injection (p < 0.001). Additionally, a thicker CST at baseline was observed in eyes with better visual improvement at one month (p = 0.048). After logistic regression analysis, CST was retained as the only predictor for visual improvement at one month (p = 0.044). Furthermore, panel regression analysis identified a relation between subfoveal neuroretinal detachment (SND) at baseline and CST increase at four months. Lastly, only 15.2% of the eyes necessitated topical medication for IOP reduction, with no differences observed when stratifying between naïve and non-naïve eyes. Conclusion: Our analyses suggest that a ticker baseline CST may serve as a positive predictor of early visual improvement and SND presence at baseline may be a negative prognostic factor for CST increase 4 months after DEX-I injection. Other well-known biomarkers, such as disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL) and hyperreflective foci (HF), did not demonstrate prognostic value on visual outcomes, at least within the first four months following the injection