Repercusions de la Campanya cívica: "Catalunya Lliure de Bosses"

La campanya Catalunya Lliure de Bosses de Plàstic s’ha impulsat des de la societat civil i s’ha plantejat com una eina per a que administracions, institucions, entitats, ciutadania i agents econòmics del nostre país prenguin consciència i avancin cap a una cultura i hàbits de consum més responsables i sostenibles, i aconseguir una reducció efectiva de les bosses de plàstic, prevenint d’aquesta manera les problemàtiques que acompanyen a la producció i consum d’aquest envàs d’un sòl ús. La campanya va més enllà de l’exposició i crítica de la problemàtica ambiental de les bosses de plàstic, i ha volgut centrar-se en dos aspectes clau; un el de conscienciar a la societat i l’altre demanar al Govern de la Generalitat que reguli el repartiment gratuït de bosses i apliqui un gravamen ambiental de 0,20€ com a mesura dissuasòria del seu consum i de canvi de comportaments dels consumidors-ciutadans i de responsabilitat dels distribuïdors i altres agents econòmics del sector. Els instruments han estat principalment visualitzar les eines disponibles per a que tots els sectors de la societat poguessin dir i actuar des de la seva perspectiva en el consum de les bosses de plàstic. D’aquesta manera s’ha aconseguit arribar, repercutir i tenir un resultats: actualment, gràcies al coixí social i econòmic creat per la campanya s’ha portat la proposta a una comissió de govern on participen representants de tots els sectors implicats.Peer Reviewe

Causes i tendències del consum d'envasos a Catalunya

Els envasos representen una de les principals fraccions dels residus municipals i és la fracció que més ha crescut en aquests darrers anys. Les causes del creixement són diverses però els principals responsables de l’augment de residus han estat els fabricants, la gran distribució, i les empreses envasadores, les estratègies dels quals (màrqueting, abandonament de l'envàs retornable...) han trobat acceptació en una societat canviant i on factors com la comoditat o l'estalvi de temps han esdevingut valors importants i on un increment de la riquesa ha permet crear la demanda per aquests productes. Un altre factor important ha estat l'increment del consum de productes envasats de gran consum (especialment aigua, cervesa i refrescs), l'augment de l'envasat de productes tradicionalment frescos (carn, fruita i verdures) i l'increment del consum de productes precuinats o preparats. La gestió dels residus d'envasos ha mostrat resultats clarament insuficients i les mesures de prevenció de residus s'han quedat en meres declaracions d'intencions, de manera que caldrien canvis importants per redreçar la situació.Peer Reviewe

Línies de treball per a una política catalana en R+D+i en prevenció de residus

Malgrat que la prevenció de residus és la prioritat formal de les polítiques de gestió de residus, mai no s'ha desplegat un pla de R+D+I coherent i amb prou recursos econòmics; de fet, la previsió és que el PROGREMIC (207-2012) destini només un 0,7% del seu pressupost a R+D+I i només algunes de les línies previstes estan encaminades a la prevenció. Tanmateix, per afrontar el repte de dissociar el creixement econòmic en termes de PIB i la producció de residus, cal una visió transversal de R+D+I que faciliti la cooperació entre els diferents actors que intervenen en les diferents fases de l’economia productiva: extracció, producció, distribució, ús i residus. Els objectius a llarg termini d’aquesta política haurien de ser: - Substitució de materials perillosos i no renovables - Tancament del cicle de materials - Economia poc intensiva en ús de materials, d’energia i carboni - Reducció dels impactes a la salut i el medi ambient Per facilitar la interacció entre els diferents actors cal definir una política de recerca, desenvolupament i innovació que abordi els principals aspectes que determinaran una política de gestió sostenible dels residus en els propers anys i que permeti: - Integrar els diferents enfocaments per avançar cap a la sostenibilitat: producció neta (PIP), ecodisseny, ecologia industrial,... - Integrar les diferents perspectives: indústria, administració, universitat, població en general. - Detectar els fluxos de residus més importants i actuar per minimitzar-los. - Detectar i solucionar mancances de coneixement. Aquesta ponència pretén apuntar algunes de les àrees on s'han detectat mancances i proposar línies d’investigació per a superar-les.Peer Reviewe

Cumulative response of Tempranillo vines to the crop forcing technique and pre-forcing and post-veraison water stress in terms of yield and grape and wine quality

Elevated temperatures during berry ripening are detrimental to grape quality. The crop forcing technique (summer pruning that ‘forces’ the vine to start a new cycle) increases must acidity and malic acid concentration at harvest by delaying the date of veraison. However, little information is available on the sensitivity to water stress of forced vines. A 3-year trial was conducted to test three irrigation strategies in forced vines: a minimum threshold of mid-day stem water potential (Ψs) of −0.75 MPa before forcing (DI), a minimum Ψs threshold of −1.2 MPa only after veraison (RDI), and the combination of both treatments (DI + RDI). Results were compared to a non-forced treatment with a minimum Ψs threshold of −1.2 MPa after veraison (C-RDI). Must acidity increased, and pH decreased in the forced treatments. However, yield was reduced by 35% and irrigation requirements increased by 20% when comparing forced and unforced treatments. As a result, water use efficiency was reduced in forced treatments. Only after a dry spring did the, DI (11%) and DI + RDI (30%) treatments, save water compared to the C-RDI treatment. Moreover, although Ψs before forcing never fell below −0.75 MPa, a significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.76) was found between the integral of water stress before the vines were forced and the number of forced bunches per vine. Post-veraison water stress in forced vines reduced the polyphenol content of the wine. Our findings suggest that forced vines are extremely sensitive to even mild water stress.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Post-Harvest Regulated Deficit Irrigation in Chardonnay Did Not Reduce Yield but at Long-Term, It Could Affect Berry Composition

Future increases in temperatures are expected to advance grapevine phenology and shift ripening to warmer months, leaving a longer post-harvest period with warmer temperatures. Accumulation of carbohydrates occurs during post-harvest, and has an influence on vegetative growth and yield in the following growing season. This study addressed the possibility of adopting regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during post-harvest in Chardonnay. Four irrigation treatments during post-harvest were applied over three consecutive seasons: (i) control (C), with full irrigation; (ii) low regulated deficit irrigation for sparkling base wine production (RDIL SP), from harvest date of sparkling base wine, irrigation when stem water potential (Ψstem) was less than −0.9 MPa; (iii) mild regulated deficit irrigation for sparkling base wine production (RDIM SP), from harvest date of sparkling base wine, irrigation when Ψstem was less than −1.25 MPa; (iv) mild regulated deficit irrigation for wine production (RDIM W), from harvest data of wine, irrigation when Ψstem was less than −1.25 MPa. Root starch concentration in full irrigation was higher than under RDI. Yield parameters did not differ between treatments, but differences in berry composition were detected. Considering that the desirable berry composition attributes of white varieties are high in titratable acidity, it would seem inappropriate to adopt RDI strategy during post-harvest. However, in a scenario of water restriction, it may be considered because there was less impact on yield and berry composition than if RDI had been adopted during pre-harvest.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

El cine como estrategia didáctica innovadora : metodología del estudio de casos y perfil de estrategias docentes

El presente estudio forma parte de una investigación más amplia basada en la integración de tres conceptos habitualmente estudiados por separado (Investigación, Formación, Innovación) que busca la mejora de la calidad de la enseñanza a partir del estudio de las estrategias didácticas. Los modelos basados en la mera reflexión no se han mostrado eficaces para el cambio docente así como tampoco los que se han quedado en la mera práctica, descontextualizada del lugar de trabajo. Por ello, esta investigación intenta dar sentido conjunto a estos tres conceptos: generación de conocimiento, formación e innovación. Se define el concepto de estrategia didáctica, (Torre, 1997, 2000) en base a sus seis componentes: perspectiva teórica, finalidad o meta perseguida, carácter adaptativo, realidad contextual, personas implicadas, y aspectos organizativos, funcionalidad y eficacia. Se describe así mismo el modelo holodinámico de análisis en el contexto del aula (Torre, 2003) tomando en consideración ocho parámetros: supuestos implícitos del docente, contexto, rol docente, rol discente, recursos, organización espacio-temporal, clima o interacción, evaluación. Estos son los indicadores que se toman en cuenta en el estudio de casos que se describe utilizando como soporte informativo el cine comercial y como técnica de representación los perfiles. El cine formativo es una estrategia que el grupo GAD de la Universidad de Barcelona viene utilizando desde hace diez años tanto en forums anuales como en las aulas. Por otra parte, la técnica de representar en perfiles una compleja información cualitativa facilita la comprensión global de aquellos puntos fuertes y débiles en la mejora de la docencia.The present study is comprised in an ampler cradle investigation based on the integration of three concepts, usually studied separatedly (Research, Training, Innovation), in order to improve the quality of education thanks to the study of didactic strategies. Model's based reflection has not been effective for a teaching change as well as those that have been kept in the mere practice, out of the context of the work place. Thus, this investigation tries to give joint sense to these three concepts: knowledge generation, training and innovation. Didactic strategy concept (Torre, 1997, 2000) is defined based on its six components: theoretical perspective, purpose or pursued aim, adaptative character, contextual reality, implied people and organizational aspects, functionality and effectiveness. Holodynamic analysis model is described in the classroom context (Torre, 2003) considering eight parameters: teacher's implicit assumptions, context, teacher rol, pupil rol, resources, time and space organization, interaction and evaluation. There are the indicators taken into account in the described study of cases using commercial cinema as informative support and the profiles as representation technique. The formative cinema is a strategy that has been used for ten years as much in annual formus as in classrooms by GAD group of the University of Barcelona. On the other hand, the technique of representing by profiles complex qualitative information facilitates the global understanding of the strong and weak points of the teaching improvement

A method for using monthly average temperatures in phenology models for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

In recent years, there have been increasing efforts to link phenology models with seasonal climate predictions in so-called Decision Support Systems (DSS) to tailor crop management strategies. However, temporal discrepancies between phenology models with temperature data gathered on a daily basis and seasonal forecasting systems providing predictability on monthly scales have limited their use. In this work, we present a novel methodology to use monthly average temperature data in phenology models. Briefly stated, we modelled the timing of the appearance of specific grapevine phenological phases using monthly average temperatures. To do so, we computed the cumulative thermal time (Sf) and the number of effective days per month (effd). The effd is the number of days in a month on which temperatures would be above the minimum value for development (Tb). The calculation of effd is obtained from a normal probability distribution function derived from historical weather records. We tested the methodology on four experimental plots located in different European countries with contrasting weather conditions and for four different grapevine cultivars. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) ranged from 4 to 7 days for all the phenological phases considered, at all the different sites, and for all the cultivars. Furthermore, the bias of observed vs predicted comparisons was not significantly different when using either monthly mean or daily temperature values to model phenology. This new methodology, therefore, provides an easy and robust way to incorporate monthly temperature data into grapevine phenology models.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat