Configuración de una economía de comercio informal en Medellín

In this paper it is intended to analyze the process undergone by the city of Medellin in the configuration of an informal trade economy, based on the impact of deindustrialization and the enactment of neoliberal labor reforms. Through a bibliographic and documentary review, a historical contextualization of these factors is carried out, through which their impact is linked to the conditions of informal trade. From this study, it becomes clear that Medellin s commitment to become a services - oriented city requires to pay attention to the creation of companies and jobs with high levels of innovation and qualification, to reduce labor informality and the participation of employed persons in informal trade.Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo que a cidade de Medellín viveu na configuração de uma economia de comércio informal, a partir da incidência que a desindustrialização e a promulgação de reformas trabalhistas neoliberais tiveram. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, realiza-se uma contextualização histórica desses fatores e relaciona-se o impacto com as condições do comércio informal. A partir dessa revisão, fica evidente que a aposta que Medellín assumiu de se converter em uma cidade de serviços requer especial atenção à geração de empresas e de empregos com altos níveis de inovação e de qualificação, com o objetivo de reduzir a informalidade laboral e a participação de trabalhadores no comércio informal.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso que ha vivido la ciudad de Medellín en la configuración de una economía de comercio informal, a partir de la incidencia que han tenido la desindustrialización y la promulgación de reformas laborales neoliberales. Por medio de una revisión bibliográfica y documental se realiza una contextualización histórica de estos factores, relacionando su impacto con las condiciones del comercio informal. A partir de esta revisión, se evidencia que la apuesta que asumió Medellín de convertirse en una ciudad de servicios, requiere poner especial atención a la generación de empresas y de empleos con altos niveles de innovación y de cualificación, con el fin de reducir la informalidad laboral y la participación de ocupados en el comercio informal

Relación entre el principio de reciprocidad y el compromiso del consumidor

The relational perspective of marketing has gained much relevance even in current transition towards an increasingly significant digitization. The objective of this article is to identify the relationship between the principle of reciprocity and consumer engagement behaviors, in order to present the characteristics that a marketing should have in which the reciprocal links between organizations for profit with their clients are privileged. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out, in which 32 articles (published in academic journals) that studied the subject of consumer brands engagement were consulted and 30 that reference studies related to solidarity and altruistic manifestations in human beings, which are linked to the principle of reciprocity. From this review, it can be indicated that brands with human and hedonic characteristics are much more likely to encourage brand engagement behaviors in their customers, despite this it seems extremely ambitious to establish a relationship like the one that arises between humans, for this reason, many companies use incentives to strengthen ties to their buyers. In this sense, it is considered that a strategy based on the principle of reciprocity would be much more sustainable for this purpose, achieving that customers are linked to organizations based on a shared purpose, that contributes to the common good and that is remunerated in terms of engagement behaviors.El enfoque relacional del marketing ha ganado mucha relevancia incluso en medio de una transición hacia una digitalización cada vez más significativa. El objetivo del presente artículo es identificar la relación entre el principio de reciprocidad y comportamientos de compromiso del consumidor, con el fin de plantear las características que debería tener un marketing en que se privilegien los vínculos recíprocos entre organizaciones con fines lucrativos con sus clientes. Para esto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de 32 artículos, publicados en revistas académicas, que abordan el tema del compromiso del consumidor con marcas y de 30 que referencian estudios relacionados con manifestaciones solidarias y altruistas en seres humanos, las cuales se vinculan con el principio de reciprocidad. A partir de esta revisión, se puede indicar que las marcas con características humanas y hedónicas son mucho más proclives a incentivar comportamientos de compromiso en sus clientes, a pesar de esto parece extremadamente ambicioso lograr establecer una relación como la que se da entre seres humanos, por lo que muchas empresas usan incentivos para estrechar los vínculos con sus compradores. En este sentido, se considera que una estrategia basada en el principio de reciprocidad sería mucho más sostenible para tal fin, logrando que los clientes se vinculen con las organizaciones a partir de un propósito compartido, que aporte al bien común y que sea retribuido en términos de comportamientos de compromiso

Citizenship and nation: border control and immigration policies

The legal theory of human rights and fundamental rights requires the need for a global legal system that protects both legal categories without any degree of personalistic distinctions such as citizen and immigrant. Under the global legal order, the union of States represents the disappearance of visible and invisible borders, while nation states are called to disappear. Despite the legal-theoretical construction of the binomial human rights/fundamental rights, which expresses a legal-political delimitation that is alien to national law, border control and closure have persisted in those countries that have emerged as economic powers, leading to the lack of recognition of human rights for those non-citizens who are in the search for the rights that would help them live well. The study proposes then the choice of a particular case under analysis, at the border between Ceuta and Melilla, which will question the claim of universality of human rights. For this purpose, an inductive as well as a deductive and pragmatic methodology will be used to contrast the case of border closures with the current theory of fundamental rights.La teoría jurídica de los derechos humanos y los derechos fundamentales demanda la necesidad de un orden jurídico global que ampare ambas categorías jurídicas sin grados de distinción personalista como ciudadano e inmigrante. En el marco del orden jurídico globalizado, la unión de Estados supone la desaparición de fronteras visibles e invisibles, en tanto los Estados Nación están llamados a desaparecer. Pese a la construcción teórico-jurídica del binomio derechos humanos-derechos fundamentales, que irradia una delimitación jurídico-política ajena al Derecho nacional, persiste el cierre y control fronterizo de los países que se han erigido como potencias económicas. Esto da lugar a la ausencia de reconocimiento de los derechos humanos para aquellos individuos no ciudadanos que se encuentran en búsqueda del derecho que les asiste al buen vivir. Se postula, entonces, la elección de un caso particular objeto de análisis, dado en la frontera de Ceuta y Melilla, que pondrá en tela juicio la pretensión de universalidad de los derechos humanos. Para ello, se emplea una metodología inductiva y una metodología deductiva y pragmática, pues se pondrá en tensión el caso de los cierres fronterizos con la teoría actual de los derechos fundamentales

Validation of microsatellite markers for cytotype discrimination in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon

Brachypodium distachyon (2n = 2x = 10) is a small annual grass species where the existence of three different cytotypes (10, 20 and 30 chromosomes) has long been regarded as a case of autopolyploid series, with x = 5. However, it has been demonstrated that the cytotypes assumed to be polyploids represent two separate Brachypodium species recently named as B. stacei (2n = 2x = 20) and B. hybridum (2n = 4x = 30). The aim of this study was to find a PCR-based alternative approach that could replace standard cytotyping methods (i. e., chromosome counting and flow cytometry) to characterize each of the three Brachypodium species. We have analyzed with four microsatellite (SSR) markers eighty-three Brachypodium distachyon-type lines from varied locations in Spain, including the Balearic and Canary Islands. Within this set of lines, 64, 4 and 15 had 10, 20 and 30 chromosomes, respectively. The surveyed markers produced cytotype-specific SSR profiles. So, a single amplification product was generated in the diploid samples, with non-overlapping allelic ranges between the 2n = 10 and 2n = 20 cytotypes, whereas two bands, one in the size range of each of the diploid cytotypes, were amplified in the 2n = 30 lines. Furthermore, the remarkable size difference obtained with the SSR ALB165 allowed the identification of the Brachypodium species by simple agarose gel electrophoresis

The neutron time-of-flight facility n-TOF at CERN: Phase II

Neutron-induced reactions are studied at the neutron time-of-flight facility n-TOF at CERN. The facility uses 6∼ns wide pulses of 20 GeV/c protons impinging on a lead spallation target. The large neutron energy range and the high instantaneous neutron flux combined with high resolution are among the key characteristics of the facility. After a first phase of data taking during the period 2001-2004, the facility has been refurbished with an upgraded spallation target and cooling system for a second phase of data taking which started in 2009. Since 2010, the experimental area at 185 m where the neutron beam arrives, has been modified into a worksector of type A, allowing the extension of the physics program to include neutron-induced reactions on radioactive isotopes

Silicon-based three-dimensional microstructures for radiation dosimetry in hadrontherapy

In this work, we propose a solid-state-detector for use in radiation microdosimetry. This device improves the performance of existing dosimeters using customized 3D-cylindrical microstructures etched inside silicon. The microdosimeter consists of an array of micro-sensors that have 3D-cylindrical electrodes of 15 μm diameter and a depth of 5 μm within a silicon membrane, resulting in a well-defined micrometric radiation sensitive volume. These microdetectors have been characterized using an 241Am source to assess their performance as radiation detectors in a high-LET environment. This letter demonstrates the capability of this microdetector to be used to measure dose and LET in hadrontherapy centers for treatment plan verification as part of their patient-specific quality control program

Contribución al diagnóstico autómatico de arritmias cardíacas basado en el código minnesota

El objetivo de esta tesis se enmarca en el diseño y desarrollo de un sistema automático de ayuda al diagnostico de arritmias cardiacas, denominado Saydac, que comprende: la caracterización del ECG, que permite generar su descripción en forma cualitativa y cuantitativa; la detección y el diagnostico de la fibrilación y el fluter auriculares a través de la detección de las ondas F del registro electrocardiográfico; la descripción y codificación de las arritmias cardiacas basado en el código Minnesota, y la validación de Saydac para la cual se han obtenido los diagnósticos de 8 evaluadores (3 médicos cardiólogas expertos en arritmias, 3 médicos cardiólogos, 1 medico no cardiólogo y Saydac) para un total de 100 señales electrocardiográficas efectuándose luego un análisis estadístico de las diferentes distancias entre los diagnostico de cada uno de los evaluadores. Se ha constatado que Saydac responde satisfactoriamente a los objetivos de su diseño, con diagnósticos más próximos a los médicos cardiólogos especialistas en arritmias que al resto de evaluadores

Feeding ecology of elasmobranch fishes in coastal waters of the Colombian Eastern Tropical Pacific

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stomach contents of 131 specimens of five elasmobranch species (<it>Mustelus lunulatus</it>, <it>Dasyatis longa</it>, <it>Rhinobatos leucorhynchus</it>, <it>Raja velezi </it>and <it>Zapteryx xyster</it>) caught in the central fishing zone in the Pacific Ocean of Colombia were counted and weighed to describe feeding habits and dietary overlaps.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-one prey items belonging to four major groups (stomatopods, decapods, mollusks and fish) were identified. Decapod crustaceans were the most abundant prey found in stomachs. The mantis shrimp <it>Squilla panamensis </it>was the main prey item in the diet of <it>M. lunulatus</it>; tiger shrimp <it>Trachypenaeus </it>sp. was the main prey item in the diet of <it>Rhinobatos leucorhynchus </it>and <it>Raja velezi</it>, and Penaeidae shrimp were the main prey items in the diet of <it>Z. xyster</it>. Furthermore, fish were important in the diet of <it>Raja velezi, Z. xyster </it>and <it>D. longa</it>. The greatest diet breadth corresponded to <it>Z. xyster </it>whereas <it>M. lunulatus </it>was the most specialized predator. Finally, four significant diet overlaps between the five species were found, attributable mainly to Squillidae, Penaeidae and Fish.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Shrimps (Penaeidae and stomatopods) and benthic fishes were the most important food types in the diet of the elasmobranch species studied. Diet breadth and overlap were relatively low. Determination of food resource partitioning among the batoid species studied was not possible. However, we identified partitions in other niche axes (time of feeding activity and habitat utilization). It is possible to assume that diffuse competition could be exceeding the biunivocal competition among the studied species. Therefore, this assemblage would have a strong tendency to trophic guild formation.</p

Transfer of spectral weight across the gap of Sr2IrO4 induced by La doping

We study with Angle Resolved PhotoElectron Spectroscopy (ARPES) the evolution of the electronic structure of Sr2IrO4, when holes or electrons are introduced, through Rh or La substitutions. At low dopings, the added carriers occupy the first available states, at bottom or top of the gap, revealing an anisotropic gap of 0.7eV in good agreement with STM measurements. At further doping, we observe a reduction of the gap and a transfer of spectral weight across the gap, although the quasiparticle weight remains very small. We discuss the origin of the in-gap spectral weight as a local distribution of gap values