Vermiculite and shading in the formation of 'Rangpur' lime rootstock

‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck cv. Cravo) is widely used as a rootstock for citrus seedlings, although factors such as luminosity and substrate composition are extremely important to obtain quality seedlings. The objective of this study was to analyze the formation of ‘Rangpur’ lime seedlings grown in different substrates and luminosities. A 3x4 factorial arrangement was used in an RBD with four replications of twelve plants. Three luminosities (full sun, 35%, and 70% shading) and four substrate: vermiculite proportions were tested (S1-1: 0, S2-2: 1, S3-1: 2, and S4-0: 1). The seeds were sown in 280 cm3 tubes and emergence was evaluated every two days for 30 days, and biometric assessments at 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAE by measuring the height, diameter, leaves, and mortality. Root length and shoot and root dry mass were measured at 30 and 120 days. Seeds in full sun showed high ESI values and a shorter time period, as well as high mortality at 120 DAE. Highly shaded environments cause etiolation and reduce biomass accumulation and the DQI. Seeds in S4 showed lower results for most variables. It is recommended to use 35% shading associated with the substrate proportions S1, S2, and S3.‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck cv. Cravo) is widely used as a rootstock for citrus seedlings, although factors such as luminosity and substrate composition are extremely important to obtain quality seedlings. The objective of this study was to analyze the formation of ‘Rangpur’ lime seedlings grown in different substrates and luminosities. A 3x4 factorial arrangement was used in an RBD with four replications of twelve plants. Three luminosities (full sun, 35%, and 70% shading) and four substrate: vermiculite proportions were tested (S1-1: 0, S2-2: 1, S3-1: 2, and S4-0: 1). The seeds were sown in 280 cm3 tubes and emergence was evaluated every two days for 30 days, and biometric assessments at 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAE by measuring the height, diameter, leaves, and mortality. Root length and shoot and root dry mass were measured at 30 and 120 days. Seeds in full sun showed high ESI values and a shorter time period, as well as high mortality at 120 DAE. Highly shaded environments cause etiolation and reduce biomass accumulation and the DQI. Seeds in S4 showed lower results for most variables. It is recommended to use 35% shading associated with the substrate proportions S1, S2, and S3

Proposta de um índice de qualidade de águas para microbacias hidrográficas sob manejo silvicultural

This work aimed to develop a Water Quality Index (WQI) for the forestry sector. Therefore, to achieve this purpose, the physical and chemical characteristics of the water were monitored: Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Zn, IC, OC, Chlor, Nitr, Sulf, Phosp, Ammo, Glyph, Alka, EC, Color, COD, CH, MH, DO, SS, DS, Sulfl, Temp, Turb and pH in four micro-watersheds (MW) under activities of forest management in the city of Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Southeast of Brazil, from January to June, 2012. The multivariate statistical analyses, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA) indicated that the most significant variables in the variation of water quality to compose a WQI were: EC, Color, Chlor, Nitr, Mg, Alka, Na, IC, OC, Fe, pH and SS, responsible for a total variance of 61.77% of the data after the rotation of the factors using the normalized Varimax method. Variables related to the dissolved salts in water assumed higher weights due to the proximity with the sea. The proposed WQI proved itself to be efficient when evaluating the water quality of the monitored micro-watersheds, insteadexamining the variables independently.Neste trabalho objetivou-se elaborar um Índice de Qualidade das Águas (IQA) para o setor florestal. Para isso, monitoraram-se as características físicas e químicas da água: Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Zn, CI, CO, Clor, Nitr, Sulf, Fosf, Amô, Glif, Alca, CE, Cor, DQO, DC, DC, OD, SS, SD, Sulfl, Temp, Turb e pH, em quatro microbacias hidrográficas (MBs) sob atividades do manejo florestal no município de Aracruz - ES, de janeiro a junho de 2012. As técnicas de estatística multivariadas, Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise Fatorial (AF), indicaram que as variáveis mais representativas da variação da qualidade das águas para compor um IQA são: CE, Cor, Clor, Nitr, Mg, Alca, Na, Na, CI, CO, Fe, pH e SS, responsáveis por uma variância total de 61,77% dos dados após a rotação dos fatores pelo método Varimax normatizado. As variáveis relacionadas aos sais dissolvidos na água assumiram maiores pesos, em consequência da proximidade do mar. O IQA proposto demonstrou ser eficiente para avaliar a qualidade das águas das MBs monitoradas, ao invés de examinar as variáveis independentemente

Disponibilidade hídrica no solo no desenvolvimento inicial do cafeeiro conilon

Abiotic stresses such as drought can significantly reduce the yield conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner). The objective was to evaluate the influence of the fraction of available soil water on the initial development conilon coffee, evaluating with different water availability. The trial was carried out in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, in a split-plot 4 x 5, and the plots with four levels of water deficit (100, 50, 30 and 10 % of available water in the soil), and the subplot with five assessment times (1, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after onset of drought) in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The parameters evaluated were: matter of shoot dry, matter of the root system dry, plant height and leaf area. To evaluate the recovery of plants after drought, they are kept for 30 days with soil moisture close to field capacity. The best results of initial development conilon coffee were found when using the levels of 100 and 50% of available water in the soil there were no differences among them, however, differing from 30 to 10% of available water. Coffee subjected to longer periods of drought, significant losses in the initial development, undermining the recovery process after the plants deficit.Estresses abióticos como a seca podem reduzir significativamente o rendimento do cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner). Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da fração de água disponível no solo sobre o desenvolvimento inicial do cafeeiro conilon, trabalhando com diferentes disponibilidades hídricas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, em Alegre, ES, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 4 x 5, havendo nas parcelas quatro níveis de déficit hídrico (100, 50, 30 e 10% da água disponível no solo), e nas subparcelas cinco épocas de avaliações (1º, 30º, 60º, 90º e 120º dia, após o  início do déficit hídrico), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: matéria da parte aérea seca, matéria do sistema radicular seco, altura das plantas e área foliar. Objetivando-se avaliar a recuperação das plantas após déficit hídrico, as mesmas foram mantidas, por 30 dias, com umidade do solo próxima à capacidade de campo. Os melhores resultados de desenvolvimento inicial do cafeeiro conilon foram encontrados quando se utilizaram os níveis de 100 e 50% da água disponível no solo, não diferindo entre si, porém diferindo dos  níveis de 30 e 10% da água disponível. O cafeeiro submetido a maiores períodos de déficit hídrico apresentou perdas significativas no desenvolvimento inicial, comprometendo o processo de recuperação das plantas após déficit

CRESCIMENTO E NUTRIÇÃO DE MILHO DECORRENTES DA APLICAÇÃO DE LODO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO

Com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a nutrição em plantas de milho decorrente da aplicação de lodo de esgoto doméstico provenientes da estação de esgoto doméstico do Município de Jerônimo Monteiro foi montado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizados no esquema fatorial 4X3 com cinco repetições. Os fatores constituíram na avaliação em quatro fases fenológicas do desenvolvimento da cultura do milho (crescimento vegetativo, floração, formação da colheita e maturação dos grãos) e três tratamentos constituídos de uma adubação mineral, utilização de lodo de esgoto equivalente a dose de nitrogênio recomendada para a cultura e aplicação de lodo de esgoto com complementação da adubação mineral. Nas fases fenológicas do crescimento vegetativo, floração, formação de colheita e maturação dos grãos foi determinada uma análise de crescimento e na floração uma análise nutricional. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a aplicação de lodo de esgoto doméstico + adubação mineral proporcionou aumentou da massa seca total e da parte aérea, área foliar e dos teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, zinco, manganês, cobre e boro e cobre nas plantas de milho

Comparação fotointerpretativa entre aerofoto e imagem de satélite

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989298This study evaluated the result of different methodologies in determining the use and occupancy of land using digital aerial photographs with spatial resolution of 1m (scenario 01) and satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m ( scenario 02), photo-interpreted screen, on a scale of 1:2.000 mapping, watershed ‘Horizonte’ stream, in Alegre, ES state. We used the global performance indices and Kappa index for determining the average error between the sets and t test at 5% probability to assess the degree of significance in the process of image interpretation between scenarios 01 and 02. We identified 27 classes of land use for scenarios 01 and 02. The classes of pasture (599.62 and 442.43 ha) and forest fragmentation (319.45 and 258.07 ha) respectively, occupying the largest areas in the two scenarios, composing 69.80% for scenario 01 and 53.04% for scenario 02 of the total area. There was a positive variation of 6.67% in the DG scenario in scenarios 01 and 02. However, the K shows that the scenario 02 has a lower rate of errors of omission and commission of 2.09%, but does not present significance by the statistical analysis presented at 5% level by t test.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989298Este estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de diferentes metodologias na determinação do uso e ocupação da terra utilizando aerofotos digitais, com resolução espacial de 1 m (cenário 01) e imagens de satélite, com resolução espacial de 0,5 m (cenário 02), fotointerpretadas em tela, na escala cartográfica de 1:2.000, da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Horizonte, Alegre-ES. Utilizaram-se os índices de desempenho global e índice Kappa para determinação do erro médio entre os cenários e teste t a 5 % de probabilidade para avaliar o grau de significância no processo de fotointerpretação entre os cenários 01 e 02. Foram identificadas 27 classes de uso da terra para os cenários 01 e 02. As classes de pastagem (599,62 e 442,43 ha) e fragmento florestal (319,45 e 258,07 ha) respectivamente, ocupando maiores áreas nos dois cenários, compondo 69,80 % para o cenário 01 e 53,04 % para o cenário 02 das áreas totais. Verificou-se uma variação positiva do DG em 6,67 % do cenário 01 em relação ao cenário 02. Entretanto o K demonstra que o cenário 02 possui uma menor taxa entre os erros de omissão e comissão em 2,09 %, não apresentado significância pela análise estatística em nível de 5 % pelo teste t

Crescimento e produção do feijoeiro comum cultivado sob déficit hídrico

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of tension and water deficit on the growth and yield of common bean cultivated in Oxisol of clayey texture and Ultisol of medium texture. Two experiments were installed in factorial scheme of 2 x 4 with tension for the determination of field capacity on two levels (T1 = 0.010 MPa and T2 = 0.033 MPa) and soil water deficit (WD) on four levels (0; 20; 40 and 60% of the soil available water) in a completely randomized design with three replicates for each soil. Evaluation of growth and yield was held in phenological stage of crop R9 and the data were submitted to an analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). When significant results, the F Test (p ≤ 0,05) was used for the tension factor and regression analysis for the water deficit factor. The plants submitted to field capacity determined by the tension of 0.010 MPa presented higher swelling, growth and yield in both soils. The grain yield under WD = 60% was reduced on average of 39% and 36% in relation to the plants that didn't receive WD in Oxisol and Ultisol, respectively.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de tensão e déficit hídrico sobre o crescimento e a produção do feijoeiro comum cultivado em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo de textura argilosa e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo de textura média. Dois experimentos foram instalados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo a tensão para determinação da capacidade de campo em dois níveis (T1 = 0,010 MPa e T2 = 0,033 MPa) e déficit hídrico (DH) no solo em quatro níveis (0, 20, 40 e 60% da água disponível no solo), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições para cada solo. A avaliação de crescimento e produção foi realizada na fase fenológica da cultura R9 e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p ≤ 0,05). Quando significativos os resultados, o teste F (p ≤ 0,05) foi utilizado para o fator tensão e a análise de regressão para o fator déficit hídrico. As plantas submetidas à capacidade de campo determinada pela tensão de 0,010 MPa apresentam maior turgescência, crescimento e produção em ambos os solos. A produção de grãos sob DH = 60% foi reduzida em média a 39% e 36% em relação às plantas que não receberam DH no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e no Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, respectivamente

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO