Anaerobic biodegradability of meat-processing wastes: effect of physical, chemical and enzymatic pre-treatments

Methane is produced during the anaerobic degradation of greaves and rinds, two by-products of pig slaughter and meat-processing industry. However, although values of 914±37 and 664±35 m3 CH4 ton-1 waste (wet weight) respectively were obtained, the degradation rate in batch assays was slow and lasted between 25 and 30 days. Therefore, in order to assess the potential increase in the biodegradation rate and biodegradability of these substrates, physical (temperature), chemical (alkali) and enzymatic (lipase) pre-treatments were tested. Partial hydrolysis was achieved for all the conditions applied but the efficiency was higher in alkaline and enzymatic treatments. These conditions produced hydrolysates with higher soluble+colloidal COD, long-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentrations, comparatively with the other treatments applied. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased 14% the methane production potential of the rinds, and this increase was even higher (80%) when rinds were thermally treated before addition of the enzyme. With all other pre-treatments, anaerobic biodegradability of both wastes was not improved comparatively to the raw materials. Alkaline conditions induced a severe decreased (89%) of rinds’ biodegradability. Enzymatic pre-treatment appears to be a promising strategy for increasing methane production from meat-processing wastes

Biochemical Methane Potential of raw and pre-treated meat-processing wastes

Raw and pre-treated greaves and rinds, two meat-processing wastes, were assessed for biochemical methane potential (BMP). Combinations of temperature (25, 55, 70 and 120°C), NaOH (0.3 g g-1 waste volatile solids) and lipase from Candida rugosa (10 U g-1 fat) were applied to promote wastes hydrolysis, and the effect on BMP was evaluated. COD solubilisation was higher (66% for greaves; 55% for rinds) when greaves were pre-treated with NaOH at 55°C and lipase was added to rinds after autoclaving. Maximum fat hydrolysis (52-54%) resulted from NaOH addition, at 55°C for greaves and 25°C for rinds. BMP of raw greaves and rinds was 707±46 and 756±56 L CH4 (at standard temperature and pressure) kg-1 VS, respectively. BMP of rinds improved 25% by exposure to 70ºC; all other strategies tested had no positive effect on BMP of both wastes, and anaerobic biodegradability was even reduced by the combined action of base and temperature.The authors thank Cristiana Goncalves for her help with the enzymatic pre-treatments. The financial support from Portuguese Innovation Agency (ADI), through the project FatValue (QREN no. 3491), is gratefully acknowledged. Professor Giovana Tommaso thanks the EMUNDUS15 - Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window (Lot15) that provided financial support for her stay in the University of Minho, Portugal

Ações do Grupo de Apoio Pedagógico (GAP) em prol do ensino de graduação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA)

This report presents the activities performed by GAP-FZEA during the period of 2005 to 2016 and their impact on the occupation of FZEA teachers in relation to teaching/learning process. Before the creation of Course Coordinating Committees (CoCs), the GAP-FZEA helped the FZEA teachers to draw the professional profile of Higher Education students and also helped them to think about their own pedagogical formation. After the CoCs creation, besides the GAP-FZEA was continuing to work in direction to pedagogical formation of the teachers, they mainly focus on helping the CoCs of FZEA in thinking about the construction of PoliticalPedagogical Project (PPP). Later, the GAP-FZEA promoted the I Simpósio de Graduação da FZEA, which give to teachers the opportunity to exchange experiences regarding to pedagogical management and practice. The GAP-FZEA provides favorable conditions to congregate the teachers by stimulating the discussion about teaching/learning process.O presente relato apresenta as ações exercidas pelo GAP-FZEA durante o período de 2005 a 2016 e o seu impacto nas atividades desenvolvidas pelos docentes da FZEA pertinentes ao ensino de graduação. Antes da criação das Comissões Coordenadoras de Curso (CoCs), o GAP-FZEA atuou diretamente na promoção de eventos sobre gestão pedagógica dando subsídios aos docentes para que os mesmos refletissem sobre a necessidade de traçar o perfil profissional do estudante e sobre sua própria formação pedagógica. Após a criação das CoCs, o GAPFZEA, além de continuar trabalhando na formação pedagógica dos docentes da FZEA, atuou indiretamente na gestão pedagógica dando subsídios às CoCs da FZEA para que as mesmas reflitam sobre a construção dos Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos (PPPs). Posteriormente, o GAP-FZEA promoveu o I Simpósio de Graduação da FZEA, que permitiu a troca de experiências vivenciadas pelos docentes da FZEA quanto à gestão e à prática pedagógica. O GAP-FZEA mostrou que pode propiciar espaços para congregar os docentes e estimular o debate sobre as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem na construção desse ambiente de aprimoramento

not available

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar estudos acerca da degradação anaeróbia de proteínas no tocante à cinética de consumo de substrato e às rotas metabólicas presentes no processo. Inicialmente, realizou-se um estudo comparativo da degradação de efluentes sintéticos em reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLFs) em escala de bancada. Nesse intuito, foi proposto um modelo cinética de primeira ordem de reações em série e paralelo, que permitiu a estimativa dos parâmetros cinéticos das várias etapas do processo estudado. As fontes de carbono nos efluentes sintéticos foram primeiramente compostas por compostos protéicos, tendo sido posteriormente adicionadas fontes de carboidratos e lipídeos à sua composição. Nesse intuito, utilizaram-se duas proteínas, caseína e soro albumina bovina (S.A.B.), e um hidrolisado protéico, peptona. Os resultados preditos pelo modelo cinético proposto apresentaram boa correlação com os dados experimentais e, com isso, foi possível o entendimento dos vários aspectos envolvidos na degradação de compostos protéicos em reatores que apresentam regime de escoamento predominantemente pistonado. A peptona foi mais rapidamente consumida, seguida pela caseína e finalmente pela S.A.B.. A presença de lipídeos nos efluentes sintéticos utilizados se constituiu no maior problema para o processo estudado. Análises de microscopia e biologia molecular mostraram que houve realocação da biomassa nos RAHLFs à medida que foram adicionadas fontes alternativas de carbono aos efluentes sintéticos à base de proteína. As morfologias encontradas foram comuns em todos os ensaios realizados, tendo predominado as semelhantes a Methanosaeta sp., bacilos fluorescentes e não fluorescentes, bacilos curvos e cocos não fluorescentes. Também foram visualizados três tipos de filamentos, espiroquetas e morfologias semelhantes a Methanosarcina sp. A segunda etapa do presente trabalho foi o estudo comparativo do processo de degradação de água residuária proveniente de abatedouro de aves em dois reatores um UASB e um RAHLF. O modelo cinético de primeira ordem se ajustou bem aos dados de decaimento de matéria orgânica em ambos os reatores. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que no reator UASB, o mecanismo de adsorção do material colóide e solúvel nos grânulos parece ter regulado o processo, resultando em maior velocidade de remoção dessas frações de matéria orgânica. No RAHLF, o que parece ter regulado o processo foi a retenção de sólidos orgânicos, aumentando, dessa forma, a velocidade de remoção dessa fração de matéria orgânica.This work reports on the anaerobic degradation of proteins from the standpoint of substrate consumption kinetics and metabolic routes. Initially, a comparative study of synthetic effluents in a bench scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor was carried out. For this purpose, a kinetic model of irreversible first-order series-parallel reactions with two intermediate products was proposed. This allowed the estimative the kinetic parameters of several steps of the process. The carbon source in the synthetic effluents was composed primarily of casein, peptone and bovine serum albumin (B.S.A.). Then, sources of carbohydrate and lipid were added to the composition. The proposed model fitted the experimental protein degradation data well and allowed the best comprehension of the process. Thus it was possible to understand several aspects about the degradation of the protein substrates utilized in HAIB reactors. In relation to degradation rate, it was concluded that peptone was the most rapidly consumed, followed by casein, and finally BSA. Regarding substrate composition, the major problem for the studied process was the presence of lipids in the synthetics effluents. The results obtained from the microbiological analysis showed that relocation of biomass in the HAIBs reactors happened in correlation with the addition of alternative carbon sources to synthetic protein effluents. In all assays, common morphologies were found. These werepredominantly Methanosaeta sp. - like archaeas, fluorescent bacillus (three types), non-fluorescent bacillus (6 types), curved bacillus and non-fluorescent coccus. Three types of filaments, spirochetes and Methanosarcina sp. - like archaeas were also found. In a second phase, a comparative analysis of the degradation process of wastewater from a poultry slaughterhouse was carried out in two different reactors, one up flow anaerobic sludge blacked (UASB), and one HAIB. The first order kinetic model proposed fitted the experimental organic matter degradation data well in UASB and HAIB reactors treating residual water from avian abattoirs. In the UASB reactor, the adsorption mechanism of the granules for colloid and soluble material seems to regulate the process. This results in a higher rate of removal for these fractions of organic material. However, in the HAIB reactor, what seems to be controlling the process was the retention of organic solids, which increased the removal rate for this fraction of organic material

not available

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar estudos acerca da degradação anaeróbia de proteínas no tocante à cinética de consumo de substrato e às rotas metabólicas presentes no processo. Inicialmente, realizou-se um estudo comparativo da degradação de efluentes sintéticos em reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLFs) em escala de bancada. Nesse intuito, foi proposto um modelo cinética de primeira ordem de reações em série e paralelo, que permitiu a estimativa dos parâmetros cinéticos das várias etapas do processo estudado. As fontes de carbono nos efluentes sintéticos foram primeiramente compostas por compostos protéicos, tendo sido posteriormente adicionadas fontes de carboidratos e lipídeos à sua composição. Nesse intuito, utilizaram-se duas proteínas, caseína e soro albumina bovina (S.A.B.), e um hidrolisado protéico, peptona. Os resultados preditos pelo modelo cinético proposto apresentaram boa correlação com os dados experimentais e, com isso, foi possível o entendimento dos vários aspectos envolvidos na degradação de compostos protéicos em reatores que apresentam regime de escoamento predominantemente pistonado. A peptona foi mais rapidamente consumida, seguida pela caseína e finalmente pela S.A.B.. A presença de lipídeos nos efluentes sintéticos utilizados se constituiu no maior problema para o processo estudado. Análises de microscopia e biologia molecular mostraram que houve realocação da biomassa nos RAHLFs à medida que foram adicionadas fontes alternativas de carbono aos efluentes sintéticos à base de proteína. As morfologias encontradas foram comuns em todos os ensaios realizados, tendo predominado as semelhantes a Methanosaeta sp., bacilos fluorescentes e não fluorescentes, bacilos curvos e cocos não fluorescentes. Também foram visualizados três tipos de filamentos, espiroquetas e morfologias semelhantes a Methanosarcina sp. A segunda etapa do presente trabalho foi o estudo comparativo do processo de degradação de água residuária proveniente de abatedouro de aves em dois reatores um UASB e um RAHLF. O modelo cinético de primeira ordem se ajustou bem aos dados de decaimento de matéria orgânica em ambos os reatores. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que no reator UASB, o mecanismo de adsorção do material colóide e solúvel nos grânulos parece ter regulado o processo, resultando em maior velocidade de remoção dessas frações de matéria orgânica. No RAHLF, o que parece ter regulado o processo foi a retenção de sólidos orgânicos, aumentando, dessa forma, a velocidade de remoção dessa fração de matéria orgânica.This work reports on the anaerobic degradation of proteins from the standpoint of substrate consumption kinetics and metabolic routes. Initially, a comparative study of synthetic effluents in a bench scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor was carried out. For this purpose, a kinetic model of irreversible first-order series-parallel reactions with two intermediate products was proposed. This allowed the estimative the kinetic parameters of several steps of the process. The carbon source in the synthetic effluents was composed primarily of casein, peptone and bovine serum albumin (B.S.A.). Then, sources of carbohydrate and lipid were added to the composition. The proposed model fitted the experimental protein degradation data well and allowed the best comprehension of the process. Thus it was possible to understand several aspects about the degradation of the protein substrates utilized in HAIB reactors. In relation to degradation rate, it was concluded that peptone was the most rapidly consumed, followed by casein, and finally BSA. Regarding substrate composition, the major problem for the studied process was the presence of lipids in the synthetics effluents. The results obtained from the microbiological analysis showed that relocation of biomass in the HAIBs reactors happened in correlation with the addition of alternative carbon sources to synthetic protein effluents. In all assays, common morphologies were found. These werepredominantly Methanosaeta sp. - like archaeas, fluorescent bacillus (three types), non-fluorescent bacillus (6 types), curved bacillus and non-fluorescent coccus. Three types of filaments, spirochetes and Methanosarcina sp. - like archaeas were also found. In a second phase, a comparative analysis of the degradation process of wastewater from a poultry slaughterhouse was carried out in two different reactors, one up flow anaerobic sludge blacked (UASB), and one HAIB. The first order kinetic model proposed fitted the experimental organic matter degradation data well in UASB and HAIB reactors treating residual water from avian abattoirs. In the UASB reactor, the adsorption mechanism of the granules for colloid and soluble material seems to regulate the process. This results in a higher rate of removal for these fractions of organic material. However, in the HAIB reactor, what seems to be controlling the process was the retention of organic solids, which increased the removal rate for this fraction of organic material

Simplified Mathematical Model for an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor Treating Lipid-Rich Wastewater Subject to Rising Organic Loading Rates

This study proposes a simplified mathematical model to describe the processes occurring in an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating lipid-rich wastewater. The reactor, subjected to rising organic loading rates, contained biomass immobilized cubic polyurethane foam matrices, and was operated at 32 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, using 24-h batch cycles. In the adaptation period, the reactor was fed with synthetic substrate for 46 days and was operated without agitation. Whereas agitation was raised to 500 rpm, the organic loading rate (OLR) rose from 0.3 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) . L(-1) . day(-1) to 1.2 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1). The ASBBR was fed fat-rich wastewater (dairy wastewater), in an operation period lasting for 116 days, during which four operational conditions (OCs) were tested: 1.1 +/- 0.2 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC1), 4.5 +/- 0.4 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC2), 8.0 +/- 0.8 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC3), and 12.1 +/- 2.4 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC4). The bicarbonate alkalinity (BA)/COD supplementation ratio was 1:1 at OC1, 1:2 at OC2, and 1:3 at OC3 and OC4. Total COD removal efficiencies were higher than 90%, with a constant production of bicarbonate alkalinity, in all OCs tested. After the process reached stability, temporal profiles of substrate consumption were obtained. Based on these experimental data a simplified first-order model was fit, making possible the inference of kinetic parameters. A simplified mathematical model correlating soluble COD with volatile fatty acids (VFA) was also proposed, and through it the consumption rates of intermediate products as propionic and acetic acid were inferred. Results showed that the microbial consortium worked properly and high efficiencies were obtained, even with high initial substrate concentrations, which led to the accumulation of intermediate metabolites and caused low specific consumption rates.FAPESP-Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo[2005/04353-9]FAPESP-Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo[2006/02323-8

Performance and microbial community analysis in an anaerobic hybrid baffled reactor treating dairy wastewater

Anaerobic dairy waste treatment requires effective control to avoid long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) inhibitory effects on anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens. The hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) can provide system stability, but more needs to be done to understand how the microbial communities underpinning the HABR compartments behave and respond. Thus, this study aimed to examine the HABR's microbial community correlating its performance when subjected to an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) during simulated dairy wastewater treatment. Besides the elevation in OLR, the system could maintain a high COD removal efficiency, nearly to 91\%, and elevate the methane production to 53\%. Almost all of the organic matter removal occurred mainly in C1 and C2 compartments. The genera Methanosaeta, an acetoclastic methanogen, and Methanobacterium, a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, were the HABR's dominant species. The most representative phylum found was Bacteroidetes (12--28\%), Firmicutes (3--20\%), Chloroflexi (4--26\%), and Proteobacteria (4--14\\%). Species capable of syntrophic partnership with methanogens were also identified, belonging to the family of Syntrophomonadaceae and Syntrophaceae. Microorganisms able to perform the AD process as HA73, VadinCA02, T78, Longilinea, Clostridium, and Syntrophomonas were present in the HABR.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES Finance Code 001 and process no. 23038.009805/2012–39info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SUPPLEMENTATION OF NUTRIENTS FOR TABLE BEETS BY IRRIGATION WITH TREATED DAIRY EFFLUENT

<div><p>ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of table beet plants cultivated in a greenhouse irrigated with treated dairy effluent at different irrigation depths. The experimental design used was a randomized block in a 3 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with four replications and conducted in a greenhouse. The treatments consisted of three types of water sources and three irrigation depths applied by drip irrigation: anaerobic effluent; anaerobic/aerobic effluent; tap water, and irrigation for replenishment 50; 100 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc). All these treatments were applied in combination with 50% of the recommended nitrogen fertilization for the table beet cultivation. A control treatment was irrigated with tap water with irrigation depth equal to 100% ETc and received the complete dose (100%) of mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Table beet seedlings were arranged in 40 fiberglass boxes with a base area of 1 m2. Table beets were harvested 72 days after transplanting (DAT) when the leaves and roots were analyzed. Irrigation with wastewater promoted appropriate levels of macronutrients, distributed between the leaves and roots. The sodium was increased significantly in the leaves and roots of table beets in effluent treatments at increasing irrigation depths, which was antagonistic to the absorption of potassium.</p></div