108 research outputs found
A Nested Case-Control Study of Intrauterine Exposure to Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants in Relation to Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
BACKGROUND: The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing at a rate of about 3% per year and there is also an increasing incidence throughout the world. Type 1 diabetes is a complex disease caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) have been suggested as a triggering factor for developing childhood type 1 diabetes. The aim of this case-control study was to assess possible impacts of in utero exposure to POPs on type 1 diabetes. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The study was performed as a case-control study within a biobank in Malmö, a city located in the Southern part of Sweden. The study included 150 cases (children who had their diagnosis mostly before 18 years of age) and 150 controls, matched for gender and day of birth. 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) and the major DDT metabolite 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) were used as a biomarkers for POP exposure. When comparing the quartile with the highest maternal serum concentrations of PCB-153 with the other quartiles, an odds ratio (OR) of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42, 1.27) was obtained. Similar results was obtained for p,p'-DDE (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.29, 1.08). CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis that in utero exposure to POPs will trigger the risk for developing type 1 diabetes was not supported by the results. The risk estimates did, although not statistically significant, go in the opposite direction. However, it is not reasonable to believe that exposure to POPs should protect against type 1 diabetes
Cell-Specific “Competition for Calories� Drives Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning, Obesity, and Metabolic Diseases in Human and Non-human Animals
The mammalian body is a complex physiologic “ecosystem� in which cells compete
for calories (i.e., nutrient-energy). Axiomatically, cell-types with competitive advantages
acquire a greater number of consumed calories, and when possible, increase in
size and/or number. Thus, it is logical and parsimonious to posit that obesity is the
competitive advantages of fat-cells (adipocytes) driving a disproportionate acquisition
and storage of nutrient-energy. Accordingly, we introduce two conceptual frameworks.
Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning describes the context-dependent, cell-specific
competition for calories that determines the partitioning of nutrient-energy to oxidation,
anabolism, and/or storage; and Effective Caloric Intake which describes the number
of calories available to constrain energy-intake via the inhibition of the sensorimotor
appetitive cells in the liver and brain that govern ingestive behaviors. Inherent in
these frameworks is the independence and dissociation of the energetic demands
of metabolism and the neuro-muscular pathways that initiate ingestive behaviors and
energy intake. As we demonstrate, if the sensorimotor cells suffer relative caloric
deprivation via asymmetric competition from other cell-types (e.g., skeletal muscle- or
fat-cells), energy-intake is increased to compensate for both real and merely apparent
deficits in energy-homeostasis (i.e., true and false signals, respectively). Thus, we
posit that the chronic positive energy balance (i.e., over-nutrition) that leads to obesity
and metabolic diseases is engendered by apparent deficits (i.e., false signals) driven
by the asymmetric inter-cellular competition for calories and concomitant differential
partitioning of nutrient-energy to storage. These frameworks, in concert with our
previous theoretic work, the Maternal Resources Hypothesis, provide a parsimonious
and rigorous explanation for the rapid rise in the global prevalence of increased body
and fat mass, and associated metabolic dysfunctions in humans and other mammals
inclusive of companion, domesticated, laboratory, and feral animals
Recurrent hyperosmolar nonketotic episodes in a young diabetic
SCOPUS: NotDefined.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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