Theory and practice in the history of ideas. Implications for Applied Anthropology

Este texto es el primero de una serie de trabajos del autor orientados a la fundamentación de la antropología práctica. Se parte de que la fundamentación conceptual de la ciencia social aplicada en general y, en particular, de la antropología aplicada, implicada y con orientación pública, requiere de una posición razonada con respecto a la relación entre teoría y práctica. En el texto se revisan las aportaciones de Aristóteles, Vico, Kant y Marx a partir de cuatro obras claves, toda ellas auténticos hitos en lo que se refiere a los nexos entre pensamiento y acción. En el ensayo se argumenta que es preciso superar la concepción hegemónica de relación unidireccional -de la teoría a la práctica- que reduce dicha conexión relación a la mera cuestión de la aplicación. A partir de los autores mencionados, y como hilos conductores de sucesivos ensayos sobre otros autores y obras claves, se plantea la triple necesidad de: a) reconocer la pluralidad de saberes, b) precisar la noción de teoría y práctica, c) otorgar primeridad a la práctica y d) considerar el conjunto de vínculos existentes entre pensamiento y acción. Las conexiones entre práctica y teoría se sistematizan en cuatro procesos y momentos: (I) la generación de toda teoría en contextos prácticos, (II) el uso y aplicación de los conocimientos, (III) la validación o verificación de las teoría (también) mediante la praxis, y (IV) la teorización (también) desde la práctica. El ensayo culmina con una propuesta de articulación de teoría y práctica acorde con el acervo extraído y con las siguientes características: hacia una articulación científicamente fundamentada, de carácter dialéctico, éticamente implicada, con orientación pública y técnicamente operativa.This text is the first in a series of works of the author focused on the foundation of practical anthropology. It assumes that the conceptual basis of applied social science in general and, in particular, applied anthropology, and public guidance involved, requires a reasoned position regarding the relationship between theory and practice. The text reviews the contributions of Aristotle, Vico, Kant, and Marx from four key works, all these milestones with regard to the links between thought and action. The essay argues that we must overcome the hegemonic conception of the one-way relationship -from theory to practice- which reduces the connection related to the mere matter of the application. From the abovementioned authors, and as threads of successive trials on other key authors and works, there is the dire need to: a) recognize the plurality of knowledge, b) define the concept of theory and practice, c) grant firstness to practice d) consider the set of links between thought and action. The connections between practice and theory are systematized into four processes and times: (I) the generation of every theory in practical contexts, (II) the use and application of knowledge, (III) the validation or verification of the theory (also) through praxis, and (IV) theorizing (also) from the practice. The essay ends with a joint proposal of theory and practice in line with the acquis and drawn from the following features: towards a joint science-based, dialectical nature of ethically concerned, public-oriented and technically operational.- Grupo de investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada. - Área de Antropología Social. Universidad de Jaén. - Laborarorio de Antropología Social y Cultural (HUM-472). Universidad de Almería. - Departamento de Filosofía II. Universidad de Granada

Expert knowledge versus sampling in species distribution modelling

Los registros puntuales de fauna, afectados por el dinamismo en el tiempo que configura la naturaleza, son incapaces de representar la distribución real y completa de una especie. Los expertos infieren las distribuciones de las especies acorde al conocimiento sobre la relación entre éstas y su entorno, aunque su conocimiento está sujeto a la forma difusa y subjetiva en la que la mente humana construye el pensamiento. La función de favorabilidad (FF) permitió la comparación entre ajustar los modelos a partir de los registros puntuales de campo o de los lugares ocupados por una especie según los expertos. Medimos éstos resultados para especies de anfibios: 1) amenazadas, 2) ubicuas y 3) ni amenazadas/ni ubicuas. Se generó una cartografía unificada desde ambas fuentes de conocimiento para todas las especies analizadas. Esta modelización basada en el pensamiento difuso, más acorde a la naturaleza, permitió la comparación de la información sobre la distribución de los anfibios de Uruguay, desde los registros de campo y desde el conocimiento de expertos. El resultado ayudó a predecir los territorios más favorables para encontrarlos. Las especies generalistas (ubicuas), se explicaron mejor por los modelos desde los registros observados, a pesar de su naturaleza incompleta, mientras las especies amenazadas lo fueron por el conocimiento del experto. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de incluir tanto observaciones de campo, como el conocimiento de expertos, en la planificación de la conservación.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII); Comisión Académica de Posgrado (CAP) Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PAIDI) RNM-262, Junta de Andalucía; Universidad de Málaga (UMA). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

El codesarrollo en España. Protagonistas, discursos y experiencia

Depto. de Antropología Social y Psicología SocialFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaFALSEpu

Ofloxacin-like antibiotics inhibit pneumococcal cell wall-degrading virulence factors

The search for new drugs against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is driven by the 1.5 million deaths it causes annually. Choline-binding proteins attach to the pneumococcal cell wall through domains that recognize choline moieties, and their involvement in pneumococcal virulence makes them potential targets for drug development. We have defined chemical criteria involved in the docking of small molecules from a three-dimensional structural library to the major pneumococcal autolysin (LytA) choline binding domain. These criteria were used to identify compounds that could interfere with the attachment of this protein to the cell wall, and several quinolones that fit this framework were found to inhibit the cell wall-degrading activity of LytA. Furthermore, these compounds produced similar effects on other enzymes with different catalytic activities but that contained a similar choline binding domain; that is, autolysin (LytC) and the phage lytic enzyme (Cpl-1). Finally, we resolved the crystal structure of the complex between the choline binding domain of LytA and ofloxacin at a resolution of 2.6 Å. These data constitute an important launch pad from which effective drugs to combat pneumococcal infections can be developed. © 2005 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.This work was supported in part by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) Grants BIO2001-1724 and BMC2003-00074. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.Peer Reviewe

The scientific-technical e-book in the Spanish market: an overview from the subscription agent perspective

Management, trade strategies, marketing and users of scientific-technical e-books in the Spanish market are analysed in this paper, from the point of view of the main subscription agents. Swets and Ebsco country managers in Spain were interviewed to obtain a general overview. The most widely held opinion in the scholarly context –researchers, librarians, publishers and subscription agents- is that the scholarly e-book is being accepted much more slowly than e-journals but will become more and more important

Efecto de las carreteras sobre los vertebrados

Many vertebrate species are experiencing a global decline, and the barrier effect and habitat fragmentation caused by roads and roadkills may be one of its triggering factors (Shepard et al., 2008). For this reason, in recent years there has been an increased interest in the effect of roads and accidental animal roadkills (Malo et al., 2005; Shepard et al., 2008; Woltz et al., 2008), as evidenced by the high number of scientific articles published on this topic in recent yearsMuchas especies de vertebrados están experimentando un declive global y el efecto barrera y de fragmentación de hábitat causado por las carreteras y atropellos puede ser uno de sus factores desencadenantes (Shepard et al., 2008). Por ese motivo, en los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por el efecto de las carreteras y los atropellos accidentales de animales (Malo et al., 2005; Shepard et al., 2008;  Woltz et al., 2008), como lo prueba el elevado número de artículos científicos publicados sobre este tema en los últimos año

The North Atlantic Oscillation and sea surface temperature affect loggerhead abundance around the Strait of Gibraltar.

https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/9827The aim of this study was to explore the possible link between variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperature (SST) and the abundance of loggerhead turtles around the Strait of Gibraltar, using stranding data for the Andalusian coastal area as a proxy for abundance. The annual average SST (from November to October) in the Gulf of Cadiz was negatively associated with the total number of loggerhead strandings each year from November 1997 to October 2006 in the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea. The average NAO index was positively associated with the number of strandings in the Gulf of Cadiz in the following year. Prevailing westerly winds during positive NAO phases and the subsequent delayed decrease in SST may lead to turtles from the west Atlantic accumulating in the Gulf of Cadiz and unsuccessfully attempting to return. Secondary causes, such as buoyancy, cold stunning, longline fisheries, net fisheries, debilitated turtle syndrome, and trauma may also increase the number of turtle strandings.This study was partially funded by the project CGL2009-11316 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, and FEDER)

Sensitization to isothiazolinones in the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC): 2019–2021 epidemiological situation

Background: Current frequency and risk factors for sensitization to methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) in Spain are not well known. Objectives: To study the frequency of sensitization, risk factors and simultaneous sensitization between the four isothiazolinones. Materials and Methods: We analysed all 2019-2021 consecutive patients patch-tested with MI (0.2% aq.), MCI/MI (0.02% aq.), BIT (0.1% pet.) and OIT (0.1% pet) within the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC). Results: A total of 2511 patients were analysed. Frequencies of sensitization were: any isothiazolinone 15.7%, MI 6.8%, MCI/MI 4.8%, BIT 3.5% and OIT 0.5%. MI and MCI/MI sensitization was associated with being occupationally active, hand dermatitis, detergents and age over 40. BIT sensitization was associated with leg dermatitis and age over 40. About one in nine MI-positive patients were positive to BIT, whereas one in five BIT-positive patients were positive to MI. Conclusions: Sensitization to MI, MCI/MI and BIT is still common in Spain, while sensitization to OIT is rare. Currently, sensitization to MI and MCI/MI seems to be occupationally related. Although its origin is unknown, sensitization to BIT is more frequent in patients aged over 40 years. Simultaneous sensitization between MI and BIT is uncommon.The Spanish Registry of Contact Dermatitis (REIDAC) is promoted by the Fundación Piel Sana (Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología), which has received financial support from the Spanish Medicines and Health Products Agency (Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2022/04/11/pdfs/BOE-A-2022-5975.pdf) and Sanofi. The funders were not involved in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis and interpretation of data, preparation, review, approval of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication

ATLAS search for a heavy gauge boson decaying to a charged lepton and a neutrino in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV

The ATLAS detector at the LHC is used to search for high-mass states, such as heavy charged gauge bosons (W'), decaying to a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino. Results are presented based on the analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb(-1). No excess beyond Standard Model expectations is observed. A W' with Sequential Standard Model couplings is excluded at the 95 % credibility level for masses up to 2.55 TeV. Excited chiral bosons (W*) with equivalent coupling strength are excluded for masses up to 2.42 TeV