Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheets : sheet SE 32 SE - Normanton. Part of 1:50,000 sheet 78 (Wakefield)

This report embodies the results of a study funded by the Department of the Environment in 1985/6. It aims to provide an up-to-date geological map and account of the soid and superficial geology, and to identify the imnplications for land-use planning

Accelerated implementation of database systems for a Geosphere Characterisation Programme

Nirex is undertaking a Geosphere Characterisation Project that will demonstrate on the basis of designs and documents that: o if requested to do so, Nirex could implement a programme of geosphere characterisation; o it is practicable to characterise a site for the development and implementation of a phased geological disposal facility in the UK. The Geosphere Characterisation Project will support the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) in assessing the viability of the Nirex Phased Disposal Concept. Variants to the Geosphere Characterisation Project designs and documents will also be provided. These will indicate how characterisation would vary if, on the basis of a Government decision or the recommendations of CoRWM, it was decided to develop a near-surface or deep interim storage facility for radioactive wastes rather than proceeding directly towards the development of a phased geological disposal facility. Data management will be a critical part of a Geosphere Characterisation Programme, in order to ensure that data are acquired in formats suitable for efficient processing, storage, and dissemination to all potential users. A British Geological Survey (BGS) awareness document (Baker, 2005) was designed to inform Nirex Programme and Project managers about a proposed method for design and implementation of an integrated database system to provide a central store for data holdings generated by a possible future Geosphere Characterisation Programme. Preliminary Nirex programming studies assumed that sites for detailed characterisation would be selected following a systematic geographical search process, including extended periods of consultation with key stakeholders. It was assumed that three and a half years would be required from commencement of the geographical search to the announcement, by Government, of the sites that would be investigated. It was further assumed that, following announcement of the sites for investigation, a year would be required to obtain planning permissions to undertake the investigations. Thus, four and a half years would elapse from commencement of the site selection process to commencement of investigations at the selected site(s). The studies also assume that approximately two and a half years would be required for implementation of the data management systems within the Programme. This includes time for: o Developing ideas about how to make information available to key stakeholders; o Developing the specifications for the Data System; o Procuring contracts for the design and implementation of the Data System; and o Building and testing the Data System. Such a period could readily be accommodated within the overall duration of the Programme and the activities would be undertaken in parallel with the site selection process. During subsequent discussions with the Nirex Directorate concerning possible programmes for implementing geosphere characterisation raised the question of possible implications if the time budgeted for the site selection process was reduced significantly. Such a situation could arise, for example, if a local community volunteered to host a repository. If site selection extent was reduced significantly and the planned Data System implementation programme retained, then the Data System might not be ready for the start of the investigations if the implementation commenced alongside the site selection process. Thus, either the start of the investigations would need to be delayed pending availability of the Data System or the investigations would need to commence before the Data System was available. The latter scenario was experienced during the Sellafield investigations, when the Nirex Digital Geoscience Database (NDGD) did not become functional until some five to six years after the start of the investigations. This created significant problems, most notably that information could not be made available to key stakeholders in a timely manner. Such failure to be forthcoming with information derived from the investigations is alien to the culture of openness and transparency that is now the accepted norm. Nirex has a clear preference for ensuring that the proposed Data System is functional (designed, built and tested) prior to commencement of data acquisition at any of the sites to be investigated. A number of possible approaches could be taken to ensure that the Data System is in place prior to commencement of the investigations and to remove their development from the critical path of the Programme. Possible approaches include: o Commence development of the Data System prior to instigation of the site selection process; or o Use the existing NDGD structure as the core of the Data System, adding whatever enhanced functionality is possible within the time available. Two alternative scenarios must be considered. Firstly, that it is decided to recommence investigations at the Longlands Farm Site near Sellafield and, secondly, that a decision is taken to study a new site, or new sites, not previously investigated. It is stressed that the above are hypothetical scenarios. The potential use of Sellafield data to populate any new database is for test purposes only. Their use does not indicate any intent on the part of Nirex to suggest that Sellafield, or any other site, should be selected for future characterisation. The decision on which sites to investigate will rest with Government

Geology and land-use planning: Morley-Rothwell-Castleford 1:10000 sheets SE22NE: SE32NW, NE, SE: and SE42NW: part of 1:50000 sheet 78 (Wakefield)

This report embodies the result of a study between 1982 and 1986 funded by the Department of the Environment. The study has provided an up-to-date geological map and account of the solid and superficial geology of the study area, and identified and reported on the implications for land-use planning

Geological notes and local details for 1:lO,000 sheets: Sheet SE 42 NW - Castleford: part of 1:50,000 sheet 78 (Wakefield)

This report embodies the result of a study funded by the Department of the Environment in 1985/6. It aims to provide an up-to-date geological map and account of the superfical geology, and to identify and report on the implications for land-use planning

Geological notes and local details for 1:l0,000 sheets. Sheet SE 32 NE - Oulton: part of 1:50,000 sheet 78 (Wakefield)

This report embodies the results of a study funded by the Department of the Environment in 1984/5 to provide an up to date geological map and account of the solid and superficial geology and to identify and report on any implications for land use planning

Making geology relevant for infrastructure and planning

The urban population is projected to rise to 66% in 2050 to 7.6 billion. This has had, and will have, a profound effect on the geological and geomorphological character of the Earth’s shallow geosphere. It is important to know the character and geometries of the geological deposits so that infrastructure is planned sensibly and sustainably, and urban areas can be reused responsibly to ensure that they help facilitate economic and social development. This brings major challenges for our cities, where there is increased pressure on resources, space and services. The geosciences have an important part to play in securing sustainable global cities - they can support urban innovation and city performance, reduce our environmental footprint and ensure greater resilience to natural hazards such as flooding and ground instability. For more than 30 years the British Geological Survey has advanced the geoscientific understanding and 3D characterisation of urban environments, producing multi-themed spatial datasets for geohazards and ground investigation used across the environmental, planning and insurance sectors. The BGS have collaborated with the University of Cambridge to better integrate geological data with landuse and infrastructure to look at the long-term impact on these types of activities at surface and subsurface. A 3D GeoLanduse layer was produced from the geological framework model of London. This vector-based grid means that many soil and rock properties (e.g. foundation conditions, groundwater levels, volume change potential), can be represented alongside landuse statistics and infrastructure type and correlated in the XYZ domain. Focus has been at geothermal potential of the ground surrounding residential basements and the broader correlation between geology, energy consumption and landuse at city scale using principle component analysis and cluster recognition

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Dataset acquisition to support geoscience

Environmental scientists are both producers and consumers of data. Numerous studies have shown that significant amounts of scientists’ time can be consumed in acquiring, managing and transforming data prior to their use. To facilitate the work of its scientists, the British Geological Survey (BGS) has identified a series of national datasets that are required by scientists across the organization. The BGS then seeks to acquire and manage these centrally, and to supply them to the scientists in formats that they normally use. Making these datasets readily available helps to: •enhance the quality of the science; •promote interdisciplinary working; •reduce costs

Data, and research for applications and models (DREAM) : scoping study report

Many scientific disciplines have been modelling during the past 5 to 10 years in order to best understand and analyse the processes and conditions within their areas of interest. This has led to a multitude of discipline specific models, modelling system software and workflows with greater or lesser success depending upon the quantity and sources of data and complexity within the scientific discipline concerned. There is now a growing realisation that to answer the most pertinent questions of the age such as climate change, sustainable and natural resources we need to model whole Earth system science, bringing together climate, ecological, hydrological, hydrogeological, geological and socio-economic models to name but a few in order to provide the necessary framework in which decisions upon prediction and planning can be most appropriately undertaken. This has become most apparent within the British Geological Survey (BGS) from the wide variety of differing geoscience models generated in the past few years that need to be interlinked to fully understand the subsurface. To this end the ‘Data and Environmental Modelling’ (DAEM) Scoping Study project was commissioned to assess the current situation and make some preliminary recommendations in order to make steps towards a more joined up and semantically harmonized future in environmental modelling. Vision: Our vision is to provide scientists with the data, tools, techniques and support to address trans-disciplinary environmental questions impacting on human society. We hope to achieve this by being a leading member of an open community that will share data, applications and environmental models thus enabling collaboration and achieving sustainable solutions. The investment and knowledge captured within the many existing scientific models is a significant resource and not one that could be easily replicated in any new centralised environmental modelling software. The intrusion upon existing legacy modelling workflows and knowledge held for many collaborative partners would be too much to bear. Considering these acute disadvantages of centralisation, the alternative approach of ‘linked models’ passing parameters at runtime is seen as more pragmatic, achievable and cost-effective solution. This solution brings together the best and most appropriate scientific models and allows the various scientific disciplines to continue development of their current models as their knowledge is enhanced. Linkage of models has been discussed and considered by many to be the most appropriate answer and the most mature solution currently developed is the European Union (EU) supported Open Model Interchange (OPENMI). With critical underpinning activities such as data management, semantics, vocabularies and ontology’s, understanding of linked model uncertainty and visualisation, OPENMI presents an opportunity to address the present disparate nature of scientific models and move forward in understanding the whole Earth

The sand and gravel resources of the country around Bedale, North Yorkshire : description of 1:25,000 sheet SE 28

The geological maps of the Institute of Geological Sciences, pre-existing borehole information, and boreholes drilled for the Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit form the basis of the assessment of the sand and gravel resources of the country around Bedale, North Yorkshire. All the deposits in the district that might be potentially workable for sand and gravel have been investigated and a simple statistical method has been used to estimate the volume. Where feasible the reliability of the volume estimates is given at the symmetrical 95 per cent probability level. The assessed area is divided into four resource blocks, containing between 2.0 and 10.6 km2 of sand and gravel. For each block the geology of the deposits is described, and the mineral-bearing area, the mean thickness of overburden and mineral and the mean grading of the mineral are stated. Detailed borehole data are also given. The geology, the position of the boreholes and the outlines of the resource blocks are shown on the accompanying map