Genetic Diversity of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Banana

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) represent the fourth most important crop in the world. In 2017, an area of 5,637,508 hectares and a production of 153 million tons were reported. Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is considered one of the most destructive diseases of bananas and plantains worldwide. The pathogen Foc causes a typical wilt syndrome on infected plants, it has a saprophytic and parasitic phase in its life cycle. Fusarium wilt is a “polycyclic” disease. This pathogen shows a relatively diverse population genetic structure for a fungus apparently of asexual reproduction and is composed of different evolutionary lineages, which has 24 groups of vegetative compatibility (VCGs), two clades and nine clonal linage. Foc is a genetically diverse pathogen, although the available evidence so far indicates that it does not use the mechanisms of sexual reproduction, such as recombination, to increase its genetic diversity. Furthermore, the population of this fungus in Southeast Asia shows a high degree of variation, suggesting that Foc lineages evolved together with their hosts in Southeast Asia. Alternatively, it has been suggested that Foc has multiple independent evolutionary origins, both within and outside of the Musaceae origin center

Emergencia, crecimiento y calidad de planta de dos genotipos de papaya (Carica papaya L.) inoculadas con hongos entomopatógenos

La papaya (Carica papaya L.) es un cultivo de importancia económica en México y América Latina. La fase de vivero juega un papel primordial en el proceso de producción, en esta etapa es susceptible a plagas y enfermedades. El uso de biofertilizantes a base de hongos entomopatógenos (HE) es una alternativa para producir plántulas sanas y de calidad, a través de la agricultura biológica. El objetivo fue evaluar la habilidad de Beauveria brongniartii y Purpureocilium lilacinum para colonizar tejidos, promover la emergencia y mejorar la calidad de planta de dos genotipos de papaya en vivero. Se estableció un experimento con diseño factorial A×B [A = genotipo: híbrido “Intenzza” y var. “Maradol”) y B = inoculación de B. brongniartii (Bb), P. lilacinum (Pl) y sin inoculación]. Se cuantificó, el porcentaje de emergencia (PE), Altura de Planta (AP), Diámetro de Tallo (DT), Biomasa Fresca (BF) y Seca (BS), endofitismo, Índice de Lignificación (ILIG) y Calidad de Dickson (ICD). El PE incrementó (6%, P = 0,0043) con la inoculación de Bb. Ambos HE incrementaron la AP (P = 0,00001) en 0,38 (Bb) y 0,37 cm (Pl), y el DT (P = 0,00001) en 0,24 (Bb) y 0,23 mm (Pl), respectivamente. La BF aérea y radicular (P = 0,0003) incrementó con Bb y Pl en 0,16 y 0,1 g y 0,17 y 0,1 g, respectivamente. El ILIG (P = 0,0128) e ICD (P = 0,0433) fueron superiores con Bb. Tanto Bb y Pl colonizaron diferentes tejidos de la planta. La inoculación de Bb promovió la emergencia de semillas. Ambos HE lograron colonizar endofíticamente diferentes órganos de la planta y favorecieron su calidad

Chemical management in fungicide sensivity of Mycosphaerella fijiensis collected from banana fields in México

The chemical management of the black leaf streak disease in banana caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis (Morelet) requires numerous applications of fungicides per year. However this has led to fungicide resistance in the field. The present study evaluated the activities of six fungicides against the mycelial growth by determination of EC50 values of strains collected from fields with different fungicide management programs: Rustic management (RM) without applications and Intensive management (IM) more than 25 fungicide application/year. Results showed a decreased sensitivity to all fungicides in isolates collected from IM. Means of EC50 values in mg L-1 for RM and IM were: 13.25 ± 18.24 and 51.58 ± 46.14 for azoxystrobin, 81.40 ± 56.50 and 1.8575 ± 2.11 for carbendazim, 1.225 ± 0.945 and 10.01 ± 8.55 for propiconazole, 220 ± 67.66 vs. 368 ± 62.76 for vinclozolin, 9.862 ± 3.24 and 54.5 ± 21.08 for fludioxonil, 49.2125 ± 34.11 and 112.25 ± 51.20 for mancozeb. A molecular analysis for β-tubulin revealed a mutation at codon 198 in these strains having an EC50 greater than 10 mg L-1 for carbendazim. Our data indicate a consistency between fungicide resistance and intensive chemical management in banana fields, however indicative values for resistance were also found in strains collected from rustic fields, suggesting that proximity among fields may be causing a fungus interchange, where rustic fields are breeding grounds for development of resistant strains. Urgent actions are required in order to avoid fungicide resistance in Mexican populations of M. fijiensis due to fungicide management practices

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Inducción "in vitro" de raíces de "Carica papaya" mediante "Agrobacterium rhizogenes" y ácido 3-indolbutírico

In vitro rooting of seedlings is one of the most important steps in the process o f micropropagatio n and in C. Papaya has been one of the major limiting, having survival percentages below 50%. The present research was conducted in the laboratory of Biotechnology of the University of Colima in 2009. In order to induce an efficient root system, evaluated papaya shoots var. "Maradol" of approximately 3 cm length, inoculated with A. rhizogenes at concentrations of 1x107, 1x108 and 1x109 cells ml-1 and established on MS medium with acetosyringone (1 00 mM) and phloroglucinol (25 mg / L). For the experiment with auxin shoots were subcultured in MS liquid medium containing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 µM IBA; incubated in the dark for 126 h, followed by subculture in substrate BM2 + MS mineral salts. None of the inoculated shoots with bacterial concentrations formed roots; in contrast, 100% of the treated shoots with IBA to a concentration of 3 µM formed roots. With the above demonstrates that seedlings of C. papaya may not be susceptible to strain A4 A. rhizogenes, while the use of IBA proved to be the most viable and effective option for in vitro root induction in shoots of papayaEl enraizamiento de plántulas in vitro es una de las etapas más importantes en el proceso de micropropagación y en C. papaya ha sido una de las principales limitantes, obteniéndose porcentajes de sobrevivencia inferiores al 50%. El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Universidad de Colima en 2009. Con el propósito de inducir un sistema radicular eficiente, se evaluaron brotes de papaya var. "Maradol" de aproximadamente 3 cm de longitud que fueron inoculados con A. rhizogenes a concentraciones de 1x107, 1x108 y 1x109 células mL-1 y establecidos en medio MS con acetosiringona (100 mM) y floroglucinol (25 mg/L). Para el experimento con la auxina, los brotes se subcultivaron en medio líquido MS con 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 µM de AIB; se incubaron en oscuridad durante 126 h, seguido del subcultivo en sustrato BM2+sales minerales del MS. Ninguno de los brotes inoculados con las concentraciones bacterianas formó raíces; en contraste, 100% de los brotes tratados con AIB a una concentración de 3 µM formaron raíces. Con lo anterior se demuestra que las plántulas de C. papaya posiblemente no son susceptibles a la cepa A4 de A. rhizogenes, mientras que el empleo de AIB resultó ser la opción más viable y efectiva para la inducción in vitro de raíces en brotes de papay