Magnetically recoverable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for green formylation of alcohols

In this article, magnetically nanoparticles (MNPs) of CuFe2O4 were prepared and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Super paramagnetic CuFe2O4 was used as an efficient catalyst for green formylation of structurally diverse alcohols to the corresponding formyl esters using formic acid as a solvent (60-70 °C). All reactions were carried out successfully within 1-120 min to afford the products in 76-96 % yields. Reusibility of CuFe2O4 MNPs was examined 5 times without significant loss of its catalytic activity

4Å molecular sieves catalyzed ring-opening of epoxides to 1,2-diacetates with acetic anhydride

This study was aimed at highly stereoselective ring-opening of epoxides with acetic anhydride in the presence of molecular sieves 4Å as an efficient reagent. Yields of the 1,2-diacetates are uniformly good to excellent and the reagent may be recycled without the requirement for purification. High yields, short reaction times, ease of preparation and simple work-up procedure (filtration) are advantages of this method

Mutual Hostility in Young People's Everyday Life: : Is this What Characterizes High-Criminal Youth?

Vissa ungdomar utmärks av att de utsätter andra för hostilitet i en viss vardagsmiljö. Andra ungdomar utmärks av att de utsätts för hostilitet av andra i samma miljö. En tredje grupp av ungdomar utmärks av att de både utsätter andra för hostilitet och utsätts för andras hostilitet i den miljön. Det förklarar ”ömsesidig hostilitet” för de ungdomarna. Syftet med studien var att se om ungdomar som själv rapporterade hög kriminalitet utmärktes av att de levde med ”ömsesidig hostilitet” i olika vardagsmiljöer – hemma, i skolan och på fritiden. Urvalet bestod av 2009 ungdomar i ålder 13-15 år från en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Data användes ifrån redan befintlig forskning utifrån olika skolor. Enkäter var utformade med frågor om hostilitet och kriminalitet. Resultaten visade att de ungdomar som upplevde ömsesidig hostilitet i olika vardagsmiljöer var kriminaliteten specifik högre. Ju fler olika miljöer ungdomen upplevde ömsesidig hostilitet i desto högre var den självskattade kriminaliteten.Some youths are characterized by exposing others to hostility in a particular environment. Other young people are characterized by being exposed to hostility from others in the same environment. A third group of youngsters are characterized by both exposing others to hostility, and exposed to other people's hostility in the environment, explained "mutual hostility" for these young people. In this study the aim was to examine whether the young people who were high-criminal distinguished that they lived with "mutual hostility" in everyday environments - at home, at school and at spare time. The sample consisted of 2009 adolescents aged 13-15 years from a medium-sized city in Sweden who participated in a research project. The data from two questionnaires hostility and criminality were analyzed. The results showed that the young people who were experiencing mutual hostility in everyday environments engaged more in criminal activities. The study showed that youths who experienced mutual hostility in many different environments, were significant higher in self-reported crime

Synthesis of quaternary metal oxides immobilized on APTMS-coated magnetite: an efficient and reusable nanocatalyst for Knoevenagel condensation under green conditions

A simple, green and highly efficient procedure has been developed for Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding benzylidenemalononitriles in the presence of Fe3O4@APTMS@Zr-Sb-Ni-Zn nanoparticles (NPs) as a durable nanocatalyst. The heterogeneous nanocomposite was prepared by immobilization of Zr-Sb-Ni-Zn mixed metal oxides on APTMS-coated magnetite. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). In this approach, the condensation of malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes were done in water under reflux conditions to give the corresponding products within 3-60 minutes in 89-95% yields. The magnetically recoverable catalyst was recycled and reused about four times without remarkable loss of activity. This method offers various benefits such as mild and eco-friendly reaction conditions, short reaction times and high purity of products, excellent efficiency and use of water as green solvent, reusability and recoverability of the nanostructure catalyst.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

A highly efficient protocol for regioselective ring-opening of epoxides with alcohols, water, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride catalyzed by SbF₃

<p>SbF₃ as an efficient catalyst has been used for regioselective alcoholysis, acetolysis and hydrolysis of epoxides to the corresponding β-alkoxy, β-acetoxy alcohols, and 1,2-diols in high to excellent yields. This study also represents a convenient synthesis of <i>vic</i>-diacetates from ring-opening of epoxides with acetic anhydride.</p