Huellas del proceso de metropolización en Chile

This paper analyzes the changes in the urban quality of life within the main metropolitan areas of the country over the last decade: Greater Santiago, Greater Valparaíso and Greater Concepción. To this end, the Urban Quality of Life Index (UQLI) is applied to establish the possible patterns and trends that may shed light on the traces left by this metropolization process. Taking into account that two out of three people could live in the metropolitan areas of Chile during the next decade, and as a means to contribute to the construction of more cohesive, sustainable and competitive cities, this research aims to provide with guidelines on socio-territorial configuration to influential public and private sectors participating in the urban development.Este trabajo analiza los cambios en la calidad de vida urbana en las principales áreas metropolitanas del país en la última década: Gran Santiago, Gran Valparaíso y Gran Concepción. Para tal efecto, aplica el Índice de Calidad de Vida Urbana (ICVU) para determinar posibles patrones y tendencias que puedan dar señales sobre las huellas de esta metropolización. Conforme el hecho que es posible que en la próxima década dos de cada tres personas vivan en áreas metropolitanas en Chile, esta investigación pretende entregar ciertas orientaciones sobre su configuración socioterritorial a actores públicos y privados que tienen incidencia en el desarrollo urbano, con el propósito de aportar a la construcción de urbes más cohesionadas, sustentables y competitivas

Effect of large and small herbivores on seed and seedling survival of Beilschmiedia miersii in central Chile

SUMMARY In the Mediterranean region of Chile, populations of the threatened tree Beilschmiedia miersii have been strongly affected by anthropic disturbances, causing a critical state of conservation. Herbivory has been proposed as the main factor that currently limits the regeneration of this species. We studied the effect of large vs. small herbivores on seed and seedling survival of B. miersii under two contrasting habitat conditions (forest and shrubland), using plots with fenced enclosures which differentially excluded mammalian herbivores according to body size. Results show that herbivory had a significant negative effect on B. miersii. Both large and small herbivores had a significant negative effect on seeds and seedlings in the shrub habitat. In the forest habitat small herbivores had a significant negative effect only on seeds. Our results suggest that different herbivores can have varying effects on seed and seedling survival, but these effects can vary spatially, probably due to different herbivore assemblage of each habitat. Results suggest that restoration plans for B. miersii need to be adjusted according to local conditions. Key words: Beilschmiedia miersii, herbivory, seed predation, seedling survival, restoration. RESUMEN En la zona mediterránea de Chile, las poblaciones de la especie amenazada Beilschmiedia miersii han sido afectadas fuertemente por actividades antrópicas, provocando que actualmente se encuentre en un estado crítico de conservación. La herbivoría ha sido propuesta como el principal factor que limita actualmente la regeneración de esta especie. El efecto de herbívoros grandes versus pequeños, la etapa del ciclo de vida más afectada (semillas vs. plántulas) y si la sobrevivencia depende de las condiciones de hábitat permanece menos conocida. En este estudio evaluamos el efecto de diferentes tipos de herbívoros en la sobrevivencia de semillas y plántulas de B. miersii usando parcelas con cierres perimetrales que excluyeron a los herbívoros mamíferos de acuerdo a su tamaño. También evaluamos la variabilidad espacial del efecto de los herbívoros comparando entre habitas de matorral y bosque. Los resultados muestran que la herbivoría tuvo un efecto significativamente negativo sobre B. miersii. Ambos herbívoros, grandes y pequeños, tuvieron un efecto significativamente negativo sobre semillas y plántulas en el hábitat de matorral, donde la sobrevivencia de plántulas fue de 2,5% para exclusiones parciales y cero para parcelas sin exclusión. La sobrevivencia de semillas fue nula en las exclusiones parciales y en parcelas sin exclusión. En el hábitat de bosque los herbívoros pequeños tuvieron un efecto negativo solo sobre semillas. La sobrevivencia de semillas fue nula en parcelas parcialmente excluidas y parcelas sin exclusión. Nuestros resultados indican que diferentes tipos de herbívoros pueden tener efectos variados sobre semillas y plántulas, pero estos resultados pueden variar espacialmente, debido probablemente a los diferentes ensamblajes de herbívoros en cada hábitat. Los resultados sugieren que los planes de restauración de B. miersii deben ser ajustados de acuerdo al hábitat y al tipo de herbívoro. Palabras clave: Beilschmiedia miersii, herbivoría, depredación de semillas, sobrevivencia de plántulas, restauración

Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National, ENEIDA-Based Case–Control Study (COVID-19-EII)

(1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case-control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March-July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3-5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09-0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution

patrimonio intelectual

Actas de congresoLas VI Jornadas se realizaron con la exposición de ponencias que se incluyeron en cuatro ejes temáticos, que se desarrollaron de modo sucesivo para facilitar la asistencia, el intercambio y el debate, distribuidos en tres jornadas. Los ejes temáticos abordados fueron: 1. La enseñanza como proyecto de investigación. Recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje como mejoras de la calidad educativa. 2. La experimentación como proyecto de investigación. Del ensayo a la aplicabilidad territorial, urbana, arquitectónica y de diseño industrial. 3. Tiempo y espacio como proyecto de investigación. Sentido, destino y usos del patrimonio construido y simbólico. 4. Idea constructiva, formulación y ejecución como proyecto de investigación. Búsqueda y elaboración de resultados que conforman los proyectos de la arquitectura y el diseño

COMPARAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES REOLÓGICAS DA MASSA DE CACAU TORRADA CONVENCIONALMENTE E POR MICROONDAS

Foram comparados, em termos de viscosidade, os efeitos de dois tipos de torração de cacau: convencional, em forno elétrico rotativo e por microondas, em protótipo de forno rotativo contínuo (2450MHz). O cacau foi torrado tanto em amêndoas inteiras quanto fragmentadas em "nibs" nos dois equipamentos. A variável do tratamento por microondas foi a densidade de potência aplicada às amêndoas inteiras (254,45 a 290,80 Wh/kg) e aos "nibs" (227,27 a 262,23 Wh/kg), com tempo de residência constante (10 min). A variável do tratamento convencional foi o tempo de torração das amêndoas (40 a 44 min) e dos "nibs" (34 a 38 min), com temperatura na camisa do forno constante (150°C). A viscosidade foi medida em reômetro Brookfield (mod. RV-DVIII) a 40°C. A viscosidade plástica das amostras torradas em microondas foi, em geral, menor que a daquelas torradas em forno elétrico rotativo. As amostras torradas em fragmentos ("nibs") também apresentaram menor viscosidade em relação àquelas torradas em amêndoas inteiras em forno elétrico. Quando o tratamento foi por microondas, a viscosidade das amostras obtidas de amêndoas torradas inteiras foi menor que a das amostras torradas em "nibs". A análise sensorial realizada com três especialistas mostrou que o sabor das amostras torradas em microondas foi similar ao do "líquor" obtido da torração convencional, levando em consideração a redução de tempo deste novo processo.Two kinds of roasting cocoa system: conventional batch method in electrical oven, and by microwaves, in a continuous microwave rotary applicator (2450MHz), were compared with respect to viscosity. Cocoa was roasted in whole beans and in nibs. The variable used in the microwave treatment was the power density applied to the whole beans (254,45 to 290,80 Wh/kg) and to the nibs (227,27 to 262,23 Wh/kg), with a constant holding time of 10 minutes. The variable used in the conventional roasting process was the roasting time of the beans (40 to 44 min) and the nibs (34 to 38 min), with constant temperature in the jacket of electric oven (150°C). Viscosity was measured in a Brookfield rheometer (mod RV-DVIII) at 40°C. In general, the plastic viscosity of the microwaved samples was lower than that of the conventional roasted samples. Also the nibs showed lower viscosities than the whole beans when roasted in the electric oven. The viscosity of the samples roasted in the microwave oven was lower in the whole beans than in the nibs. The product was sensorially evaluated by three experts in cocoa flavour, and it was shown that the flavour of the microwave roasted products was similar to that of the conventionally roasted products, with the advantage of a reduction in process time

COMPARAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES REOLÓGICAS DA MASSA DE CACAU TORRADA CONVENCIONALMENTE E POR MICROONDAS

Two kinds of roasting cocoa system: conventional batch method in electrical oven, and by microwaves, in a continuous microwave rotary applicator (2450MHz), were compared with respect to viscosity. Cocoa was roasted in whole beans and in nibs. The variable used in the microwave treatment was the power density applied to the whole beans (254,45 to 290,80 Wh/kg) and to the nibs (227,27 to 262,23 Wh/kg), with a constant holding time of 10 minutes. The variable used in the conventional roasting process was the roasting time of the beans (40 to 44 min) and the nibs (34 to 38 min), with constant temperature in the jacket of electric oven (150°C). Viscosity was measured in a Brookfield rheometer (mod RV-DVIII) at 40°C. In general, the plastic viscosity of the microwaved samples was lower than that of the conventional roasted samples. Also the nibs showed lower viscosities than the whole beans when roasted in the electric oven. The viscosity of the samples roasted in the microwave oven was lower in the whole beans than in the nibs. The product was sensorially evaluated by three experts in cocoa flavour, and it was shown that the flavour of the microwave roasted products was similar to that of the conventionally roasted products, with the advantage of a reduction in process time.Foram comparados, em termos de viscosidade, os efeitos de dois tipos de torração de cacau: convencional, em forno elétrico rotativo e por microondas, em protótipo de forno rotativo contínuo (2450MHz). O cacau foi torrado tanto em amêndoas inteiras quanto fragmentadas em nibs nos dois equipamentos. A variável do tratamento por microondas foi a densidade de potência aplicada às amêndoas inteiras (254,45 a 290,80 Wh/kg) e aos nibs (227,27 a 262,23 Wh/kg), com tempo de residência constante (10 min). A variável do tratamento convencional foi o tempo de torração das amêndoas (40 a 44 min) e dos nibs (34 a 38 min), com temperatura na camisa do forno constante (150°C). A viscosidade foi medida em reômetro Brookfield (mod. RV-DVIII) a 40°C. A viscosidade plástica das amostras torradas em microondas foi, em geral, menor que a daquelas torradas em forno elétrico rotativo. As amostras torradas em fragmentos (nibs) também apresentaram menor viscosidade em relação àquelas torradas em amêndoas inteiras em forno elétrico. Quando o tratamento foi por microondas, a viscosidade das amostras obtidas de amêndoas torradas inteiras foi menor que a das amostras torradas em nibs. A análise sensorial realizada com três especialistas mostrou que o sabor das amostras torradas em microondas foi similar ao do líquor obtido da torração convencional, levando em consideração a redução de tempo deste novo processo.21822

Improving stochastic modelling of daily rainfall using the ENSO index: Model development and application in Chile

Stochastic weather simulation, or weather generators (WGs), have gained a wide acceptance and been used for a variety of purposes, including climate change studies and the evaluation of climate variability and uncertainty effects. The two major challenges in WGs are improving the estimation of interannual variability and reducing overdispersion in the synthetic series of simulated weather. The objective of this work is to develop a WG model of daily rainfall, incorporating a covariable that accounts for interannual variability, and apply it in three climate regions (arid, Mediterranean, and temperate) of Chile. Precipitation occurrence was modeled using a two-stage, first-order Markov chain, whose parameters are fitted with a generalized lineal model (GLM) using a logistic function. This function considers monthly values of the observed Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies of the Region 3.4 of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO index) as a covariable. Precipitation intensity was simulated with a mixed exponential distribution, fitted using a maximum likelihood approach. The stochastic simulation shows that the application of the approach to Mediterranean and arid climates largely eliminates the overdispersion problem, resulting in a much improved interannual variability in the simulated values. © 2018 by the authors.Stochastic weather simulation, or weather generators (WGs), have gained a wide acceptance and been used for a variety of purposes, including climate change studies and the evaluation of climate variability and uncertainty effects. The two major challenges in WGs are improving the estimation of interannual variability and reducing overdispersion in the synthetic series of simulated weather. The objective of this work is to develop a WG model of daily rainfall, incorporating a covariable that accounts for interannual variability, and apply it in three climate regions (arid, Mediterranean, and temperate) of Chile. Precipitation occurrence was modeled using a two-stage, first-order Markov chain, whose parameters are fitted with a generalized lineal model (GLM) using a logistic function. This function considers monthly values of the observed Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies of the Region 3.4 of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO index) as a covariable. Precipitation intensity was simulated with a mixed exponential distribution, fitted using a maximum likelihood approach. The stochastic simulation shows that the application of the approach to Mediterranean and arid climates largely eliminates the overdispersion problem, resulting in a much improved interannual variability in the simulated values. © 2018 by the authors

Cuatro concepciones de la dialéctica

Tabla de contenidos: La dialéctica platónica: "la línea dividida" en la República y la doctrina de la combinación de los géneros-formas. Dialéctica y persuasión: la lógica de lo probable en Aristóteles. Aproximaciones a la comprensión de la dialéctica hegeliana. Relaciones sociales, conflicto e historia. Una interpretación de la "dialéctica" en Marx.Fil: Femenías, María Luisa. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina

Effect of large and small herbivores on seed and seedling survival of Beilschmiedia miersii in central Chile

In the Mediterranean region of Chile, populations of the threatened tree Beilschmiedia miersii have been strongly affected by anthropic disturbances, causing a critical state of conservation. Herbivory has been proposed as the main factor that currently limits the regeneration of this species. We studied the effect of large vs. small herbivores on seed and seedling survival of B. miersii under two contrasting habitat conditions (forest and shrubland), using plots with fenced enclosures which differentially excluded mammalian herbivores according to body size. Results show that herbivory had a significant negative effect on B. miersii. Both large and small herbivores had a significant negative effect on seeds and seedlings in the shrub habitat. In the forest habitat small herbivores had a significant negative effect only on seeds. Our results suggest that different herbivores can have varying effects on seed and seedling survival, but these effects can vary spatially, probably due to different herbivore assemblage of each habitat. Results suggest that restoration plans for B. miersii need to be adjusted according to local conditions.6 page(s