Reproductive biology of "Helianthemum apennium" (L.) Mill. and "H. caput-felis" Boiss. (Cistaceae) from Mallorca (Balearic Island, Spain)

El estudio de la biología reproductiva de poblaciones naturales de Helianthemum apenninum y H. caput-felis en Mallorca ha demostrado que son básicamente entomófilos, aunque también producen numerosos frutos por auto-polinización. Las flores de H. caput-felis duran cuatro dias, mientras que las de H.apenninum duran uno, como suele ocurrir en otras especies del género. En la población de H. apenninum, la predación por ungulados afecta al 50% de los individuos. Los test de germinación mostraron una temperatura óptima de germinación de 16 ºC para H. apenninum y de 23ºC para H. caput-felis. H. caput-felis muestra una importante variabilidad interanual en su comportamiento germinativo. En las poblaciones naturales de H. caput-felis, se ha observado atelecoria, y en relación con ésta, las semillas germinan dentro de la cápsula

Evolution of the spherical cavity radius generated around a subsurface emitter

The emitter discharge in subsurface drip irrigation can be affected by soil properties. A positive pressure develops at the emitter outlet where a spherical cavity is assumed to form. In steady-state conditions, the pressure in the soil relates to soil hydraulic 5 properties, the emitter discharge, and the cavity radius. This pressure in the soil is very sensitive to the cavity radius. In this paper, the development of the cavity around the emitter outlet was measured for various emitter discharges in laboratory tests carried out in containers with uniform loamy soils. A trend between soil pressure and emitter discharge was established that illustrates the performance of buried emitters in the 10 field. Its application to the prediction of water distribution in subsurface drip irrigation units and its effect on the estimation of irrigation performance is also show

Water distribution in laterals and units of subsurface drip irrigation. II: Field evaluation.

The performance of drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) laterals has been compared. Two emitter models (one compensating and the other noncompensating) were assessed. Field tests were carried out with a pair of laterals working at the same inlet pressure. A procedure was developed that recorded head pressures at both lateral extremes and inlet flow during irrigation. Both models showed similar behavior and soil properties affected their discharge. On the other hand, the performance of a field SDI unit of compensating emitters was characterized by measuring pressures at different points and inlet flow. Finally, the distribution of water and soil pressure in the laterals and the unit were predicted and irrigation uniformity and soil pressure variability were also determined. Predictions agreed reasonably well with the experimental observations. Thus, the methodology proposed could be used to support the decision making for the design and management of SDI system

Emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation in uniform soils: effect on water-application uniformity

Emitter discharge of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) decreases as a result of the overpressure in the soil water at the discharge orifice. In this paper, the variation in dripper discharge in SDI laterals is studied. First, the emitter coefficient of flow variation CVq was measured in laboratory experiments with drippers of 2 and 4 L/h that were laid both on the soil and beneath it. Additionally, the soil pressure coefficient of variation CVhs was measured in buried emitters. Then, the irrigation uniformity was simulated in SDI and surface irrigation laterals under the same operating conditions and uniform soils; sandy and loamy. CVq was similar for the compensating models of both the surface and subsurface emitters. However, CVq decreased for the 2-L/h non-compensating model in the loamy soil. This shows a possible self-regulation of non-compensating emitter discharge in SDI, due to the interaction between effects of emitter discharge and soil pressure. This resulted in the irrigation uniformity of SDI non-compensating emitters to be greater than surface drip irrigation. The uniformity with pressure-compensating emitters would be similar in both cases, provided the overpressures in SDI are less than or equal to the compensation range lower limit

La primera Dirección General de Montes (1833-1842)

Peer Reviewe

Terrorismo yihadista en la Unión Europea (Periodo 2000-2020)

[ES] El terrorismo yihadista constituye una de las grandes amenazas para la Seguridad Nacional de los Estados a nivel global. Su principal exponente a este nivel son las organizaciones Al Qaeda y Daesh, encuadradas en el Movimiento Yihadista Global. A pesar de localizar su estructura central en otras regiones, los estados miembros de la Unión Europea sufren las consecuencias de sus prácticas. El presente trabajo analiza, desde la perspectiva del análisis de la conducta delictiva y de la inteligencia criminal, los atentados enmarcados en el ámbito de la Unión Europea vinculados con Al Qaeda y Daesh entre los años 2000 y 2020. En él se determina la influencia de las organizaciones matrices en las actuaciones en suelo de la Unión. Además, a partir de este estudio, se analiza la tendencia y se extraen una serie de patrones que pueden resultar de utilidad para la operativa de la lucha contra el terrorismo. Estos se centran, especialmente, en indicadores que puedan ayudar –a partir de un evento o informaciones preliminares– a discriminar entre atentados compuestos por una cadena de ataques y los protagonizados por un ataque aislado, además de arrojar información sobre el número de individuos actuantes. Finalmente, se propone una solución de inteligencia aplicada a nivel táctico, en la que se combinan conocimientos clásicos de inteligencia y otros procedentes de la perfilación criminal, en un instrumento denominado Análisis de Redes Sociales Perfiladas.[EN] Jihadist terrorism is a great threat to National Security in the world. Its main sample is Al Qaeda and Daesh, organizations belonging to the Global Jihadist Movement. Although its central structure is in other regions, the member states of the European Union suffer the consequences of their actions. This work analyzes from the perspective of the analysis of criminal behavior and criminal intelligence the attacks in the European Union linked to Al Qaeda and Daesh between the years 2000 and 2020. The study determines the influence of the central organizations in the actions in the European Union. The trend is also analyzed and a series of patterns are extracted for the fight against terrorism. These focus on indicators that make it possible to discriminate between attacks made up of a chain of attacks and single-act attacks, as well as the number of perpetrators. Finally, an intelligence tool applied at a tactical level is proposed, in which classical intelligence is combined with knowledge of criminal profiling, to build an application called Profiled Social Network Analysis

Sustainable DMC production from CO2 and renewable ammonia and methanol

[EN]One of the main goals of the green chemistry is to develop sustainable and less hazardous chemical processes and products. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is attracting attention due to the wide variety of applications and the possibility of producing it from carbon dioxide. In this work, the DMC production process via urea has been optimized. Two main sections can be distinguished: the synthesis of urea and the production of DMC. An equation based approach is used to model the system. The DMC production from renewable ammonia/methanol/CO2 presents a promising production cost, around 520 €/t. The production of urea alone has also been evaluated in this work. A sensitivity analysis is carried out showing the influence of the methanol price in the DMC cost and the ammonia price in the urea cost. A simplified sustainability index is used to evaluate the environmental performance of urea/DMC production

Comparative experimental analysis of the effect caused by artificial and real induced damage in composite laminates

This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental campaign aimed to examine the effect upon the vibration response and on the residual load-bearing capacity caused by both: isolated artificially induced interlaminar damage and low-velocity impact induced damage in composite laminates. The experimental programme included modal testing, drop-weight impact testing, ultrasonic inspection, transverse quasi-static loading testing and compression testing conducted on a set of 72 carbon fibre-reinforced composite laminated coupons. Both types of damage caused measurable changes in laminate performance, however marked divergent trends were observed. The results allowed for conclusions to be drawn regarding the adequacy of the artificial damage approach and highlighted the importance and role of other forms of degradation upon damage tolerance of laminated composites containing damage