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"Developing Writers": The Multiple Identities of an Embedded Tutor In the Developmental Writing Classroom
In her essay âWhen Basic Writers Come to
College,â Patricia Bizzell explains that writers placed in
developmental courses âare asked to join an academic
community ... united almost entirely by its languageâ
(296). Specifically, students are asked to learn ânew
dialect and discourse conventions ... [and] the outcome
of such learning is the acquisition of a whole new
world viewâ (297), which requires not only a different
way of writing and communicating but a different way
of thinking. This is no small task. Therefore, some of
the problems that developmental writers face âare best
understood as stemming from the initial distance
between their world views and the academic world
viewâ (297). James Paul Gee further defines these
communities as âDiscoursesâ where students can
create an ââidentity kit,â which comes complete with
the appropriate costume and instructions on how to
act, talk, and often write, so as to take on a particular
role that others will recognizeâ (7). Many of us would
agree that most writing center tutors have successfully
negotiated these different communities and
Discourses, adapted alternative viewpoints, and even
created various identities through their work in our
centers, which results in tremendous change and
growth. As Hughes, Gillespie, and Kail have
demonstrated through the Peer Writing Tutor Alumni
Research Project, the work of tutoring has a profound
impact, changing the way tutors perceive writing, learn
critical thinking, value the power of collaborative
learning, and develop a new-found sense of personal
confidence.University Writing Cente
Evidence that low endocytic activity is not directly responsible for human serum resistance in the insect form of African trypanosomes.
BACKGROUND: In Trypanosoma brucei, the African trypanosome, endocytosis is developmentally regulated and substantially more active in all known mammalian infective stages. In both mammalian and insect stages endocytic activity is likely required for nutrient acquisition, but in bloodstream forms increased endocytosis is involved in recycling the variant surface glycoprotein and removing host immune factors from the surface. However, a rationale for low endocytic activity in insect stages has not been explored. Here we asked if endocytic down-regulation in the procyclic form was associated with resistance to innate trypanolytic immune factors in the blood meal or tsetse fly midgut. FINDINGS: Using a well-characterized procyclic parasite with augmented endocytic flux mediated via TbRab5A overexpression, we found that insect stage parasites were able to grow both in the presence of trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) provided in human serum, and also in tsetse flies. Additionally, by placing blood stage parasites in restricted glucose medium, we observed that enlargement of the flagellar pocket, a key morphology associated with defective endocytosis, manifests in parallel with loss of cellular ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that a high rate of endocytosis per se is insufficient to render insect form parasites sensitive to TLF or tsetse-derived trypanocidal factors. However, the data do suggest that endocytosis is energetically burdensome, as endocytic activity is rapidly compromised on energy depletion in bloodstream stages. Hence an important aspect of endocytic modulation in the nutrient-poor tsetse midgut is likely energetic conservation.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are
Synthetic CO, H2 and HâI surveys of the second galactic quadrant, and the properties of molecular gas
articleWe present CO, H2, HâI and HISA (HâI self-absorption) distributions from a set of simulations of grand design spirals including stellar feedback, self-gravity, heating and cooling. We replicate the emission of the second galactic quadrant by placing the observer inside the modelled galaxies and post-process the simulations using a radiative transfer code, so as to create synthetic observations. We compare the synthetic data cubes to observations of the second quadrant of the Milky Way to test the ability of the current models to reproduce the basic chemistry of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM), as well as to test how sensitive such galaxy models are to different recipes of chemistry and/or feedback. We find that models which include feedback and self-gravity can reproduce the production of CO with respect to H2 as observed in our Galaxy, as well as the distribution of the material perpendicular to the Galactic plane. While changes in the chemistry/feedback recipes do not have a huge impact on the statistical properties of the chemistry in the simulated galaxies, we find that the inclusion of both feedback and self-gravity are crucial ingredients, as our test without feedback failed to reproduce all of the observables. Finally, even though the transition from H2 to CO seems to be robust, we find that all models seem to underproduce molecular gas, and have a lower molecular to atomic gas fraction than is observed. Nevertheless, our fiducial model with feedback and self-gravity has shown to be robust in reproducing the statistical properties of the basic molecular gas components of the ISM in our Galaxy.We thank the referee, Ralf Klessen, for his comments that helped
strengthen the paper. ADC and CLD acknowledge funding from the
European Research Council for the FP7 ERC starting grant project
LOCALSTAR. The calculations for this paper were performed on
the DiRAC Complexity machine, jointly funded by STFC and the
Large Facilities Capital Fund of BIS, and the University of Exeter
Supercomputer, a DiRAC Facility jointly funded by STFC, the
Large Facilities Capital Fund of BIS and the University of Exeter.
Fig. 1 was produced using SPLASH (Price 2007). We acknowledge
the use of NASAâs SkyView facility (http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov)
located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. We also thank A.
Rodrigues for providing high-resolution dust column density maps
for benchmarking
Correction to: Sars-Cov-2 Infection in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Hospital Admission: An Analysis of Risk Factors for England
The article âSars-Cov-2 Infection in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Hospital Admission: An Analysis of Risk Factors for Englandâ, written by Adrian H. Heald, David A. Jenkins, Richard Williams, Rajshekhar N. Mudaliar, Amber Khan, Akheel Syed, Naveed Sattar, Kamlesh Khunti, Asma Naseem, Kelly A. Bowden-Davies, J. Martin Gibson, William Ollier, on behalf of the CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT Consortium was originally published electronically on the publisherâs Internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on August 25, 2023, without open access. Now, the article is updated with open access as This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articleâs Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the articleâs Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The original article has been corrected
Sars-Cov-2 Infection in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Hospital Admission: An Analysis of Risk Factors for England
Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic revealed the vulnerability of specific population groups in relation to susceptibility to acute deterioration in their health, including hospital admission and mortality. There is less data on outcomes for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) following SARS-CoV-2 infection than for those with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study we set out to determine the relative likelihood of hospital admission following SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with T1D when compared to those without T1D. Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study and utilised an all-England dataset. Electronic health record data relating to people in a national England database (NHS Englandâs Secure Data Environment, accessed via the BHF Data Science Centre's CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT consortium) were analysed. The cohort consisted of patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the exposure was whether or not an individual had T1D prior to infection (77,392 patients with T1D). The patients without T1D were matched for sex, age and approximate date of the positive COVID-19 test, with three SARS-CoV-2-infected people living without diabetes (n = 223,995). Potential factors influencing the relative likelihood of the outcome of hospital admission within 28Â days were ascertained using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Median age of the people living with T1D was 37 (interquartile range 25â52) years, 47.4% were female and 89.6% were of white ethnicity. Mean body mass index was 27 (standard error [SE] 0.022)Â kg/m2, and mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 67.3 (SE 0.069) mmol/mol (8.3%). A significantly higher proportion of people with T1D (10.7%) versus matched non-diabetes individuals (3.9%) were admitted to hospital. In combined analysis including individuals with T1D and matched controls, multiple regression modelling indicated that the factors independently relating to a higher likelihood of hospital admission were: T1D (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62â1.80]), age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02â1.03), social deprivation (higher Townsend deprivation score: OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06â1.08), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value (OR 0.975, 95% CI 0.974â0.976), non-white ethnicity (OR black 1.19, 95% CI 1.06â1.33/OR Asian 1.21, 95% CI 1.05â1.39) and having asthma (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.19â1.35]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.89â2.32), severe mental illness (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.57â2.12) or hypertension (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.37â1.52). Conclusion: In this all-England study, we describe that, following confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the risk factors for hospital admission for people living with T1D are similar to people without diabetes following confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, although the former were more likely to be admitted to hospital. The younger age of individuals with T1D in relation to risk stratification must be taken into account in any ongoing risk reduction strategies regarding COVID-19/future viral pandemics
Dynamical and chemical evolution of gas-rich dwarf galaxies
We study the effect of a single, instantaneous starburst on the dynamical and
chemical evolution of a gas-rich dwarf galaxy, whose potential well is
dominated by a dark matter halo. We follow the dynamical and chemical evolution
of the ISM by means of an improved 2-D hydrodynamical code coupled with
detailed chemical yields originating from type II SNe, type Ia SNe and single
low and intermediate mass stars (IMS). In particular we follow the evolution of
the abundances of H, He, C, N, O, Mg, Si and Fe. We find that for a galaxy
resembling IZw18, a galactic wind develops as a consequence of the starburst
and it carries out of the galaxy mostly the metal-enriched gas. In addition, we
find that different metals are lost differentially in the sense that the
elements produced by type Ia SNe are more efficiently lost than others. As a
consequence of that we predict larger [/Fe] ratios for the gas inside
the galaxy than for the gas leaving the galaxy. A comparison of our predicted
abundances of C, N, O and Si in the case of a burst occurring in a primordial
gas shows a very good agreement with the observed abundances in IZw18 as long
as the burst has an age of Myr and IMS produce some primary nitrogen.
However, we cannot exclude that a previous burst of star formation had occurred
in IZw18 especially if the preenrichment produced by the older burst was lower
than Z. Finally, at variance with previous studies, we find
that most of the metals reside in the cold gas phase already after few Myr.
This result is mainly due to the assumed low SNII heating efficiency, and
justifies the generally adopted homogeneous and instantaneous mixing of gas in
chemical evolution models.Comment: 25 pages, Latex, 18 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
A re-appraisal of the reliability of the 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test
This is the author's PDF version of an article published in European journal of applied physiology in 2007. The original publication is available at www.springerlink.co
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