Grupos de insetos visitantes florais da lichieira (litchi chinensis sonn.) em jaboticabal, estado de são paulo, brasil

Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar grupos de insetos visitantes de flores da lichieira (Litchichinensis Sonn.), determinar horários de maior visitação, analisar a influência da altura das inflorescênciasna ocorrência desses visitantes florais e verificar se a incidência de sol beneficia sua presença.O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade EstadualPaulista FCAV/UNESP. As observações ocorreram em agosto e setembro de 2008, totalizandocinco em todo o período. Foram estabelecidos dois períodos diários de observação das 10:00 às 12:00 he 16:00 às 18:00 h, sendo observado quatro pontos na área. Os dados dos visitantes florais observadospara as diferentes horas, alturas e radiação solar foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médiasforam comparadas pelo teste de Tukey 5%. Foram observadas seis ordens de insetos: Hymenoptera,Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Neuroptera. O horário das 10:00 às 12:00 horas apresentou-se como mais propício para observação de insetos visitantes. Houve diferença nas observaçõesdas alturas de 0 a 0.5 e 1.6 m e 2.0 e também uma diferença nas observações de insetos visitantesflorais da lichieira quando estas se encontravam em face sombra ou face sol na árvore.Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar grupos de insetos visitantes de flores da lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), determinar horários de maior visitação, analisar a influência da altura das inflorescências na ocorrência desses visitantes florais e verificar se a incidência de sol beneficia sua presença.O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista FCAV/UNESP. As observações ocorreram em agosto e setembro de 2008, totalizando cinco em todo o período. Foram estabelecidos dois períodos diários de observação das 10:00 às 12:00 h e 16:00 às 18:00 h, sendo observado quatro pontos na área. Os dados dos visitantes florais observados para as diferentes horas, alturas e radiação solar foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey 5%. Foram observadas seis ordens de insetos: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Neuroptera. O horário das 10:00 às 12:00 horas apresentou-se como mais propício para observação de insetos visitantes. Houve diferença nas observaçõesdas alturas de 0 a 0.5 e 1.6 m e 2.0 e também uma diferença nas observações de insetos visitantes florais da lichieira quando estas se encontravam em face sombra ou face sol na árvore.The objective of this study was to identify the groups of insects that are found visiting flowers of litchi,to determine the time of the visits, to analyze the influence of the inflorescence height in the occurrence of floral visitors and to verify if the incidence of sunlight benefits the visits. The experiment was corried in Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista, FCAV/UNESP. The observations were made in August and September 2008, totaling five observations in the whole period. Two observation periods were established for each day: 10:00am to 12:00am and 4:00pm to 6:00pm, and we observed four points within the orchard. The data of floral visitors noted to different hours, heights and sunlight were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey 5%. Six orders of insects were observed: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. The time from 10:00 to 12:00 was the most favorable for observation of insect visitors. There were differences in the heights observations from 0.0 to 0.5 and 1.6 to 2.0 meters. There was also a difference in the observations of insects visiting the flowers of litchi when they faced the sun or were shaded

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Perspective of using the sterile insect technique for Tobacco Budworms Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton crop as an alternative method of control

Desde a década de 50, os cientistas tem utilizado radiação ionizante para esterilizar insetos, que são liberados na natureza para acasalar, mas sem nenhuma descendência. Conhecida como a técnica do inseto estéril (TIE), este método de controle de inseto vem tradicionalmente utilizando radiações ionizantes para esterilizar os insetos, sendo uma técnica que não gera resíduo, e pode agir em sinergia com as demais técnicas dentro do manejo integrado de pragas. O Brasil por vários anos vem lutando contra o aumento de pragas, introduzindo novas táticas e técnicas dentro dos programas de MIP, para driblar a resistência dos produtos químicos, como: diminuir os resíduos dos agrotóxicos; para algumas culturas importantes do o nosso país, temos um largo espectro de pragas ocorrendo do inicio ao fim da colheita, uma delas é a cultura do algodoeiro e dentre as pragas chave dessa cultura, temos algumas lagartas extremamente importantes, entre elas Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera. Essas espécies são parecidas morfologicamente, sendo a segunda identificada a poucos anos aqui no Brasil. Ainda não há trabalhos no Brasil utilizando TIE como ferramenta adicional para lepidópteros, portanto objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiação gama nas diferentes fases do ciclo evolutivo de Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera, bem como avaliar a esterilidade na geração P e a capacidade de competição dos insetos irradiados com os não irradiados. A fase pupa foi a que apresentou um melhor resultado, pois com 75 Gy atingiu a esterilidade em Heliothis virecens e 100 Gy esterilizou Helicoverpa armigera, portanto contemplou a fase e a dose escolhida para avaliar a competição entre os insetos irradiados e os insetos normais de ambas as espécies. E tanto Heliothis virecens como Helicoverpa armigera apresentaram um resultado satisfatório, pois os insetos irradiados conseguiram reduzir significativamente a viabilidade dos ovos na proporção de 9: 1: 1Since the 1950s, scientists have used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, which are released in nature to mate, but without any progeny. Known as the sterile insect technique (TIE), this method of insect control has traditionally used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, a technique that does not generate residues, and can act in synergy with the other techniques within integrated pest management. For several years, Brazil has been fighting against the increase of pests, introducing new tactics and techniques within the IPM programs, to overcome the resistance of chemical products, such as: reducing the residues of agrochemicals; For some important crops of our country, we have a wide spectrum of pests occurring from the beginning to the end of the harvest, one of them is the cotton crop and among the key pests of this crop, we have some extremely important caterpillars, among them Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera These species are morphologically similar, the second being identified a few years ago in Brazil. There are still no studies in Brazil using TIE as an additional tool for Lepidoptera, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera, as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation P And the ability of insects to irradiate with non-irradiated insects. The pupal phase presented the best result because 75 Gy achieved sterility in Heliothis virecens and 100 Gy sterilized Helicoverpa armigera, therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species. Both Heliothis virecens and Helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result, as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9: 1:

Abundância, diversidade e flutuação populacional de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) em agroecossistemas

Amostrou-se Araneae (Arachnida), Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Carabidae e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) em duas áreas com fragmento florestal e cultura de soja/milho sob sistemas de plantio direto e convencional visando estudar a fauna desses artrópodes por meio de vários índices e analisar a flutuação populacional de espécies dominantes. As amostragens foram realizadas no período de novembro/2004 a abril/2007 em Guaíra, SP, sendo quinzenal no período de safra e mensal nas entressafras. Para a obtenção das amostras utilizou-se armadilhas de solo distribuídas em dois transectos de 200 m de comprimento, sendo 100 m na cultura e 100 m no fragmento. A fauna foi caracterizada pelos índices de diversidade, equitabilidade, abundância, dominância, freqüência e constância. As espécies de formigas do gênero Pheidole e Camponotus blandus são dominantes em áreas com sistemas de plantio direto e convencional, o mesmo ocorrendo com o aracnídeo Trochosa sp. A diversidade de espécies de aranhas e formigas é elevada no fragmento florestal, na interface e na cultura soja/milho sob sistema de plantio convencional. A maior similaridade de espécies de formigas e aranhas ocorre entre fragmento florestal e cultura soja/milho sob sistema de plantio direto que sob plantio convencional. O formicídeo Pheidole sp.1 correlaciona-se negativamente com aranhas, carabídeos e estafilinídeo em campo de soja/milho com sistema de plantio direto. A influência da temperatura e da precipitação pluvial prevalece sobre formigas do gênero Pheidole, respectivamente, em cultura de soja/milho sob sistema de plantio convencional e sistema de plantio diretoAdults of Araneae (Spider), Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) were sampled in two areas of a forest fragment and soybean / corn under no-tillage and conventional systems to study the fauna of arthropods through of various indexes and analyze the populational fluctuation of dominant species. Sampling was carried out from April/2007 to November/2004 in Guaíra, SP, and biweekly during the harvest period and monthly during the periods between. To obtain the samples we used pitfall traps distributed in two transects of 200 m long and 100 m in the crop and 100 m in the fragment. The fauna was characterized by diversity, evenness, abundance, dominance, frequency and constancy indexes. The ant species of the genus Pheidole and Camponotus blandus are dominant in areas with no-tillage and conventional, the same happen with the spider Trochosa sp.a species diversity of spiders and ants are high in the forest fragment at the interface and in the soybean / corn under conventional tillage. The greatest similarity of species of ants and spiders occur between forest fragmentation and culture soybean / corn under no-tillage than under conventional tillage. The ant Pheidole sp.1 correlates negatively with spiders, carabids and Staphylinidae in the field of soybean / corn with no-tillage system. The influence of temperature and rainfall prevails over ants of genus Pheidole, respectively, in soybean / corn under conventional tillage and no tillage systemsConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Species Diversity of Myrmecofauna and Araneofauna Associated with Agroecosystem and Forest Fragments and their Interaction with Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera)

Faunistic and statistical analyses of species diversity of the mimercofauna and araneofauna associated with variously managed agricultural fields and adjacent forest fragments and their interactions with Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) are needed to identify the key species affecting the dynamics within the arthropod population affecting the agroecosystem. This knowledge is needed to devise more effective integrated pest management programs. In this study, a population survey of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) was performed. The aims of this work were to determine the dominant species, to examine the fauna through several indexes and to evaluate the occurrence of adverse interaction between these arthropods and Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). The experimental areas were located in Guaira City, São Paulo, Brazil, which consists of forest fragments and soybean/corn crops under no-tillage and conventional systems. The arthropods were sampled by pitfall traps from Nov 2004 to Apr 2007. The traps were distributed along 2 transects of 200 m long with 100 m each in 2 fields in corn/soybean rotations and 100 m in the forest fragments adjacent to these agricultural fields. The fauna were characterized by diversity indices, evenness, similarity, abundance, dominance, frequency and consistency and interspecific interactions by Pearson's correlation. The ants, Pheidole spp. and Camponotus bland us, and the spider, Trochosa sp. were dominant in the no-till and conventionally tilled corn/soybean fields. The diversities of spider and ant species were high in the forest fragments, and at the forest-crop interface. Indeed ant species were highly and similarly diverse in all of the habitats, whereas the diversity of ant species was substantially less in no-till than in conventionally tilled corn/soybean fields. The density of the ant, Pheidole sp.1, correlated negatively with that of spiders, carabids, and staphylinids in the no-till soybean/corn fields.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Diversity and habitat preferences of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in two agroecosystems

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a diversidade e abundância de adultos de Carabidae e Staphylinidae em duas áreas, constituídas por fragmentos florestais e culturas de soja/milho sob sistemas de plantio convencional e direto, e analisar a distribuição e a preferência desses insetos para o habitat. Os besouros foram amostrados com o uso de 48 armadilhas de solo do tipo Pitfall. em ambas as áreas experimentais, foram instalados dois transectos paralelos de armadilhas; cada transecto teve 100 m na culturas e 100 m no fragmento florestal. Na borda entre a cultura e o fragmento de floresta foram instaladas quatro armadilhas, que ficaram distantes entre si por 1 m e as outras armadilhas, a cada 10 m. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise faunística e a preferência das espécies para o habitat foi obtida pela análise cluster. Pelos resultados, observa-se que o tipo de sistema de cultivo (convencional ou plantio direto) pode ter influenciado a diversidade de espécies de Carabidae e Staphylinidae. A análise de cluster evidenciou que os carabídeos tiveram preferência por um habitat específico. Neste estudo, a distribuição de carabídeos e estafilinídeos nos três habitats mostraram que estes besouros têm potencial para se dispersarem em grandes distâncias no interior da cultura.The present study had as objective determine the diversity and abundance of adults Carabidae and Staphylinidae in two areas, constituted by forest fragment and soybean/corn crops under conventional tillage and no-tillage systems and to analyze the distribution and preference of those beetles for the habitat. The beetles were sampled with 48 pitfall traps. In both experimental areas, two parallel transects of pitfall traps were installed. Each transect had 100 m in the crop and 100 m in the forest fragment. Four traps were close to each other (1 m) in the edge between the crop and the forest fragment, the other traps were installed each 10 m. The obtained data were submitted to the faunistic analysis and the preference of the species by habitat was obtained by cluster analysis. The results demonstrated that the type of crop system (conventional tillage or no-tillage) might have influenced the diversity of species of Carabidae and Staphylinidae. The cluster analysis evidenced that the carabids may prefer a specific habitat. In the present study, the distribution of carabids and staphylinids in the three habitats showed that these beetles have potential to be dispersed at great distances inside the crop.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Population Fluctuations of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) and Araneae (Arachnida) in Two Tillage Systems in the Region of Guaíra-SP

The objective of this study was to elucidate population fluctuations of spider and ant species in forest fragments and adjacent soybean and corn crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems, and their correlations with meteorological factors. From Nov 2004 to Apr 2007 sampling of these arthropods at Guaira, São Paulo state was done biweekly during the cropping season and monthly during the periods between crops. To obtain samples at each experimental site, pitfall traps were distributed in 2 transects of 200 m of which 100 m was in the crop, and 100 m was in the forest fragment. Temperature and rainfall were found to have major impacts on fluctuations in population densities of ants of the genus, Pheidole, in soybean and corn crops both grown with conventional tillage and no tillage systems

Análise de fauna e flutuação populacional de Carabidae e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) em sistemas de plantio direto e convencional

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a fauna de carabídeos e estafilinídeos por meio de vários índices e obter a flutuação populacional das espécies dominantes em fragmento florestal e cultura de soja/milho sob sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. As amostragens dos coleópteros foram realizadas no período de novembro/2004 a abril/2007 em Guaíra, São Paulo, sendo quinzenal durante o período de safra e mensal nas entressafras. Para a obtenção das amostras utilizou-se armadilhas de solo distribuídas em dois transectos de 200 m de comprimento, sendo 100 m na cultura e 100 m no fragmento. A fauna foi caracterizada pelos índices de diversidade e equitabilidade e pela abundância. No sistema de plantio direto capturou-se maior número de espécies de carabídeos e estafilinídeos e os índices de equitabilidade e diversidade indicaram que a comunidade desses besouros mostrou-se melhor estruturada quando comparado com a observada no sistema de plantio convencional. Entre as espécies de carabídeos destacou-se Abaris basistriatus por ter se caracterizado como dominante na cultura e fragmento florestal das duas áreas experimentais. As espécies Scarites sp. 4 e A. basistriatus geralmente apresentaram picos populacionais quando a cultura de soja contava menos de 30 dias da implantação, as demais espécies apresentaram picos populacionais que ocorreram em períodos variados das safras. A precipitação pluvial foi o fator meteorológico que obteve a maioria dos coeficiente positivos em seguida o fator temperatura mínima.The objective of this study was to analyze carabid and staphylinid fauna through several faunistic indexes and to obtain the population fluctuation of the dominant species in forest fragment and soybean-corn crop in no-tillage and conventional cropping system. The samplings of the coleopteran were carried out from November/2004 to April/2007, in Guaíra, São Paulo, being biweekly during the crop period and monthly in the off-season crop. For obtaining the samples it was used pitfall traps, distributed in two transects of 200 m long being 100 m in the culture and 100 m in the fragment. The fauna was characterized by indexes of diversity, equitability, and abundance. In no-tillage system the larger number of carabid and staphylinid species and the equitability and diversity indexes indicated that the community of those beetles shows a better structure when compared with the conventional cropping system. Among the carabid species Abaris basistriatus stood out for having been characterized as dominant in crop and forest fragment of the two experimental areas. The species Scarites sp. 4 and A. basistriatus generally presented population peaks when the crop soybean counted less than 30 days of the implantation, the other species presented population peaks that were observed in varied times of the crops. Pluvial precipitation was the meteorological variable that obtained the largest number of positive correlations followed by minimum temperature.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq