Il concetto di grazia nel pensiero del primo Lukács

Obiettivo della tesi è indagare la produzione del primo Lukács a partire della categoria di Grazia. Quel che la tesi dimostrerà è che la Grazia rappresenta l'unico concetto capace di restituire un'analisi unitaria del primo Lukács da Storia del dramma moderno a Storia e coscienza di Classe, permettendo allo stesso tempo di spiegare la sua iscrizione nel partito comunista. Parallelamente, il concetto di Grazia aiuta ad unire vita e opera dell'autore, come mostrano puntuali corrispondenze con diario e lettere. In primo luogo, verranno definiti i limiti della divisione in un primo e secondo Lukács, per poi indagare cosa si intenda nello specifico con Grazia, e come questa rappresenti una categoria fondamentale nell'anticapitalismo romantico della prima parte del secolo XX (capitolo 1). A partire da questa base, si analizzerà il concetto di Grazia nella storia del dramma moderno, in particolare in Hebbel, Ibsen e Ernst (capitolo 2), e nel dramma non-tragico (capitolo 3). Dati gli esiti negativi di questa ricerca, si mostrerà l'approccio antitetico ma parallelo nel terreno dell'epos, ovverosia del romanzo (capitolo 4) e dell'opera di Dostoevskij (capitolo 5). Se il romanzo nasce dall'impossibilità della Grazia, e per questo si basa nella categoria dell'ironia, Dostoevskij è il primo autore che riesce a porre una Grazia reale ed attuale. Verrà poi analizzato il concetto di Bontà in quanto Grazia (capitolo 6), che deriva dalle analisi tanto del dramma non-tragico quanto dell'epos di Dostoevskij. A partire dal fallimento dell'identificazione della Grazia come bontà, per il suo non essere una categoria fondata in una filosofia della storia, si analizzerà la conversione al comunismo di Lukács, mediata da una riflessione sull'atto terrorista-rivoluzionario, nei termini di una Grazia che lentamente cessa di essere tale.O objetivo da tese é indagar a produção do primeiro Lukács a partir da categoria de Graça. O que esta tese demonstrará é que a Graça representa o único conceito capaz de restituir uma análise do primeiro Lukács desde a História do drama moderno até à História e consciência de classe, permitindo ao mesmo tempo explicar a sua inscrição no partido comunista. Paralelamente, o conceito de Graça permite unir vida e obra do autor, como mostram pontuais correspondências com o diário e as cartas. Em primeiro lugar, serão definidos os limites da divisão entre primeiro e segundo Lukács, para depois indagar o que se quer dizer com Graça e como esta representa uma categoria fundamental no anti-capitalismo romântico do século XX (capítulo 1). A partir desta base, será analisado o conceito de Graça na história do drama moderno, em particular em Hebbel, Ibsen e Ernst (capítulo 2) e no drama não-trágico (capítulo 3). Devido aos resultados negativos desta pesquisa, mostrar-se-á a abordagem antitética mas paralela na épica, ou seja no romance (capítulo 4) e na obra de Dostoiévsky (capítulo 5). Se o romance nasce a partir da impossibilidade da Graça, e por isso baseia-se na categoria da ironia, Dostoiévsky é o primeiro autor que consegue pôr uma Graça real e atual. Será depois analisado o conceito de Bondade enquanto Graça (capítulo 6), que deriva das análises tanto do drama não-trágico quanto da epopeia de Dostoiévsky. A partir da falência da identificação da Graça com a bondade, por não ser uma categoria fundada numa filosofia da história e por não permitir uma redenção da humanidade, analisar-se-á a conversão ao comunismo de Lukács, mediada pela reflexão sobre o ato terrorista-revolucionário, nos termos de uma Graça que lentamente começará a desaparecer

Increased severity of glomerulonephritis in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice

Increased severity of glomerulonephritis in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice.BackgroundThe C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is expressed on monocytes and facilitates monocyte migration. CCR2 is a prominent receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). This chemokine recruits monocytes to sites of inflammation. It has been suggested that CCR2 and its ligand, MCP-1, play a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of CCR2 in a murine model of accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis. We measured the extent of development of renal disease in CCR2 wild-type and knockout mice after the administration of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody.MethodsEight groups of animals were treated (N = 10 per group). Four days after IgG immunization, CCR2 wild-type and knockout mice received control serum or nephrotoxic serum. The urinary protein/creatinine ratio was measured on days 1 and 3; plasma and kidneys were collected on days 4 and 7. Kidneys were evaluated by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The genotype of mice was confirmed by tissue analysis.ResultsProtective effects of CCR2 knockout on the urinary protein/creatinine ratio were observed on day 1, as values for this parameter were significantly lower (35 ± 3.6) than in nephritic wild-type mice (50 ± 6.8). There was a marked increase in proteinuria in nephritic wild-type mice on day 1 compared with vehicle-treated, wild-type animals (5 ± 1.0). On day 3, the ameliorative effects of CCR2 knockout were not observed; the increase in the urinary protein/creatinine ratio was similar in nephritic CCR2 wild-type (92 ± 11.2) and knockout mice (102 ± 9.2). Plasma markers of disease were evaluated on days 4 and 7. At these time points, there were no beneficial effects of CCR2 receptor knockout on plasma levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, or cholesterol. On day 7, blood urea nitrogen (248 ± 19.9 mg/dL) and plasma cholesterol were higher in nephritic CCR2 knockout mice than in wild-type mice (142 ± 41.7 mg/dL) that received nephrotoxic serum. Histopathologic injury was more severe in nephritic CCR2 knockout mice than nephritic wild-type mice on day 4 (3.1 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3) and day 7 (3.6 ± 0.2 vs. 2.9 ± 0.3). By immunohistochemical analysis at day 4, there were significantly fewer mac-2–positive cells, representative of macrophages in the glomeruli of nephritic CCR2 knockout (2.1 ± 0.6) mice than nephritic wild-type (3.9 ± 0.5) animals. By indirect immunofluorescence, there was a moderate, diffuse linear IgG deposition of equivalent severity present in glomeruli of both wild-type and CCR2 knockout nephritic mice.ConclusionThese results suggest that our strategy was successful in reducing macrophage infiltration, but this model of glomerulonephritis is not solely dependent on the presence of CCR2 for progression of disease. After a transient ameliorative effect on proteinuria, CCR2 knockout led to more severe injury in nephritic mice. This raises the intriguing possibility that a CCR2 gene product ameliorates glomerulonephritis in this murine model. Although effects that occur in chemokine knockout mice are not equivalent to those expected with prolonged use of a chemokine antagonist, this study may nevertheless have implications for consideration of long-term use of chemokine antagonists in renal disease

In situ observation of microstructure evolution in 4H–SiC under 3.5 keV He+ irradiation

4H-SiC was irradiated with 3.5 keV He+ ions using the MIAMI facility at University of Huddersfield. The evolution of microstructure and gas bubbles during the irradiation at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C was observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Under irradiation, isolated bubbles and bubble discs formed in the SiC matrix. Bubble discs lying on {0001} and {10-10} crystal planes were beginning to form at ion fluence above 2.3×1020 He+ /m2 at 700°C. The density of bubble discs increased with increasing irradiation fluence. However, growth rates were different at different of the implantation periods and temperature holding periods. The nucleation and growth of the bubble discs were attributed to be coalescence of the adjacent He vacancies and combination of loop punching and trap mutation, respectively

Allez donc sortir des sentiers battus! La production de l'effet de sens extraordinaire par aller et venir

Cet article s'attache à l'analyse approfondie de la périphrase auxiliaire aller / venir + V. infinitif dans un emploi peu documenté que la tradition nomme allure extraordinaire. Il prend appui sur un corpus de 500 occurrences relevé dans divers genres du discours (journalistique, littéraire, conversationnel, électronique). On propose dans un premier temps une description générale du fonctionnement de l’extraordinaire; on explicite ensuite précisément cet effet de sens, avant d'expliquer le mécanisme de sa production

Thermal Evolution of the Proton Irradiated Structure in Tungsten–5 wt% Tantalum

We have monitored the thermal evolution of the proton irradiated structure of W–5 wt% Ta alloy by in-situ annealing in a transmission electron microscope at fusion reactor temperatures of 500–1300 °C. The interstitial-type a/2 dislocation loops emit self-interstitial atoms and glide to the free sample surface during the early stages of annealing. The resultant vacancy excess in the matrix originates vacancy-type a/2 dislocation loops that grow by loop and vacancy absorption in the temperature range of 600–900 °C. Voids form at 1000 °C, by either vacancy absorption or loop collapse, and grow progressively up to 1300 °C. Tantalum delays void formation by a vacancy-solute trapping mechanism

Reducing beryllium content in mixed bed solid-type breeder blankets

Beryllium (Be) is a precious resource with many high value uses, the low energy threshold (n,2n) reaction makes Be an excellent neutron multiplier for use in fusion breeder blankets. Estimates of Be requirements and available resources suggest that this could represent a major supply difficulty for solid-type blanket concepts. Reducing the quantity of Be required by breeder blankets would help to alleviate the problem to some extent. In addition, it is important that the reduction in the Be quantity does not diminish the blanket's performance in key aspects such as the tritium breeding ratio (TBR), energy multiplication and peak nuclear heating. Mixed pebble bed designs allow for the multiplier fraction to be varied throughout the blanket. This neutronics study used MCNP 6 to investigate linear variations of the multiplier fraction in relation to blanket depth, in order to better utilise the important multiplying Be(n,2n) and breeding reactions. Blankets with a uniform multiplier fraction showed little scope for reduction in Be mass. Blankets with varying multiplier fractions were able to simultaneously use 10% less Be, increase the energy amplification by 1%, reduce the peak heating by 7% and maintaining a sufficient TBR when compared to the performance achievable using a uniform composition

Les modules de test de couverture tritigène : un pas vers l’autosuffisance en tritium

ITER sera approvisionné en tritium par des sources extérieures, schéma qui ne sera pas possible pour un réacteur du type DEMO qui exigera d’être auto-producteur. La génération de tritium est effectuée dans des composants entourant le plasma, les couvertures tritigènes, qui sont soumis à des conditions de fonctionnement difficiles et qui exigent des matériaux et des technologies avancés dont la maturité n’est pas encore atteinte. Afi n de préparer DEMO, l’une des missions d’ITER concerne le test de concepts de couvertures tritigènes représentatives de DEMO, appelées les modules de test de couverture (TBM), localisées dans trois ports équatoriaux appelés “ports d’essai d’ITER” dans cet article. Les TBMs installés dans ITER dès son démarrage fourniront l’un des premiers résultats expérimentaux sur la potentialité de la fusion d’être une future source d’énergie. Tandis que l’exploitation des plasmas d’ITER fournira la démonstration d’une production énergétique de la gamme d’un réacteur, les TBMs apporteront des réponses à deux questions critiques pour la fusion en tant que source d’énergie : “Le tritium peut-il être produit dans la couverture à un taux égal à sa consommation dans le plasma ?”, et “la chaleur peut-elle être extraite de la couverture simultanément à la production de tritium, et ce à des températures compatibles avec une production d’électricité efficace ?”. C’est pourquoi la réussite des expériences sur les TBMs dans ITER représente une étape critique et essentielle sur le chemin vers DEMO et pour le développement des programmes fusion de l’ensemble des partenaires d’ITER. Afin de définir un programme TBM solide et cohérent dans ITER, un groupe de travail (TBWG) représentant les sept partenaires d’ITER et l’équipe centrale s’est constitué depuis plusieurs années. Les activités du TBWG ont confi rmé le grand intérêt de tester les TBMs dans les 3 ports assignés par ITER, même pendant la phase initiale en H-H, avec les objectifs principaux de valider la conception mécanique en environnement fusion et les prédictions concernant la production et le contrôle du tritium, et de démontrer les performances globales des systèmes de couverture. Différents concepts de couverture tritigène pour DEMO ont été étudiés de par le monde, soutenus par un important programme de R&D au sein des différents partenaires. De ces études et résultats expérimentaux sont issus un nombre limité de concepts jugés prometteurs pour DEMO et proposés pour être testés dans ITER : - deux concepts refroidis à l’hélium avec matériau tritigène sous forme de lithium-plomb, - deux concepts à double réfrigérant (Hélium et lithium-plomb) avec matériau tritigène sous forme de lithium-plomb, - quatre concepts refroidis à l’hélium avec matériau tritigène sous forme de céramique (et du béryllium comme multiplicateur de neutrons), - un concept refroidi à l’eau avec matériau tritigène sous forme de céramique (et du béryllium comme multiplicateur de neutrons), - un concept refroidi à l’hélium avec matériau tritigène sous forme de Lithium (et du béryllium comme multiplicateur de neutrons), - un concept dit auto-refroidi où réfrigérant et matériau tritigène sont sous forme de lithium (avec du béryllium comme multiplicateur de neutrons). Excepté la dernière proposition qui utilise un alliage de vanadium comme matériau de structure, toutes les autres emploient un acier ferritique/Martensitique (FMS). Cet article décrit brièvement les différents concepts qui seront testés pendant les dix premières années de l’exploitation d’ITER, leurs caractéristiques principales, les conditions aux limites imposées par ITER, les objectifs et la stratégie de tests et la R&D exigée avant l’installation des TBMs dans ITER. En parallèle aux TBMs, les activités supplémentaires nécessaires à la réussite de la fabrication des couvertures pour DEMO seront aussi abordées