DEVELOPING THE ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT OF SPEAKING

Speaking means to express ideas orally. By expressing what is in mind, a speaker can make others understand things inside his/her mind. In order to make the others capture and understand what he/she expresses orally, a student should needs to pay attention on the signs that should be fulfilled. How to develop the assessment instrument of the students’ speaking ability? Therefore the writer used qualitative research design to describe the way to develop the assessment instrument of the students’ ability. The result showed that Developing speaking test is not as easy as other tests because a test developer has to prepare the mechanism or direction and instruction well in order to keep the test valid in which the test developer used content validity to prove that the test was valid. In keeping the reliability the test developer used inter- rater and Pearson Product Moment formula. In fact, content validity, inter-rater and Pearson Product moment formula are proper to assess speaking test. This study will be useful for the English teachers in increasing the ability of the students in speaking by assessing the students’ capability in good ways.

Analisis Peran E-Commerce Dalam Meningkatkan Perkembangan Bisnis Pada Wirausaha Berskala Mikro Di Kota Malang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran e-commerce dalam meningkatkan perkembangan bisnis di Kota Malang. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif studi kasus dengan model penjodohan pola. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam wirausahawan berskala mikro yang menggunakan e-commerce dalam menjalankan usahanya sebagai objek penelitian. Gambaran ini diperoleh melalui wawancara langsung terhadap objek penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara garis besar ecommerce memiliki peran yang dapat membantu para wirausaha berskala mikro meningkatkan perkembahgan bisnisnya. Peran tersebut antara lain peningkatan pendapatan, perluasan pangsa pasar, dan variasi produk. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa para responden tetap menggunakan e-commerce atas peran yang dimiliki tersebut. Bagi wirausaha berskala mikro disarankan untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam menjalankan usaha bisnis dengan menggunakan e-commerce karena ada kekurangan dalam sistem keamanan dan sebaiknya menggunakan jaringan internet yang stabil dalam melakukan kegiatan usaha melalui ecommerce

THE TRADITION OF EARLY AZAN BEYOND THE FASTING OF RAMADAN IN INDONESIA

The Azan is an important thing for Muslims as an Islamic ritual that marks the time of Salah, Islamic prayer. Besides being a marker of the time of Salah, it is as well as a marker time of fajr or dawn in the fasting of Ramadan. The Azan is known as an Early Azan which is done before the Azan time of Dawn Prayer. The Early Azan became a reminder to the Muslims who want to do night prayer and pre-dawn meal (meal between midnight and dawn during the fasting of Ramadan). In some parts of Indonesia, this Early Azan has routinely reverberated beyond the fasting of Ramadan. Among the people of Indonesia, the Early Azan beyond the Ramadan functions to wake up people who have not done early evening prayer and for night prayer at the end of the night. Of course, not all Islamic societies are familiar with Early Azan in the fasting of Ramadan. The question is, has it existed since the era of the Prophet Muhammad? so that it sourced from Hadith of the Prophet or the result of Ijtihad which then becomes a tradition for Muslims in Indonesia

Investigating Role of Vegetation in Protection of Houses during Floods

Flood flows have the potential to cause substantial damage to infrastructure, mankind, livestock and agricultural land which all stacks up to greatly affect the financial condition of the region. During 2010 Pakistan floods, more than two million houses were damaged partly or totally [1]. To minimize these types of destructions, inland vegetation can be considered a natural barrier to dissipate the energy of flood flow and limits widespread inundation. This study involves volume of fluid (VOF) modelling approach to figure out the role of vegetation of finite width in energy reduction of flood flow, in front of houses, against: vegetation of varying Aspect Ratio (A/R width-length ratio) and distance between vegetation & houses (Lr). Channel domain was built in ANSYS workbench toolkit and meshing was done in meshing building toolkit. For the postprocessing and simulation, FLUENT was used. Various contour plots & profiles of cross stream-wise velocities and water level measurements are presented in this paper. The simulation results of cross stream-wise velocities and water level measurements were identical with experimental data. At vegetation upstream and downstream, velocity reduction observed in higher A/R (2.40) compared to vegetation of A/R-1. Whereas, outside the vegetation and near the walls of channel domain flow velocities were high. The water level was raised on the upstream side of the vegetation due to resistance offered by vegetation. On the upstream side of vegetation, the rise in backwater depth increased by increasing A/R. Contrarily, on the downstream side of vegetation, an undular hydraulic jump was observed in between vegetation and a house. By increasing A/R, the energy loss increases under constant vegetation conditions (G/d = 0.24, Fro = 0.70; G = spacing of each cylinder in cross-stream direction and d= diameter of cylinder and Fro = initial Froude number) and increase in house distance from 1W to 2W, the energy reduction increased from 2.40% to 3.15% which was further increased to 5.04% for another 5W increase in house distance, where W is the vegetation width. Simulation results also shown that with increasing Froude no from 0.60 to 0.70 water level depth has also an incremental pattern which ultimately results in increase in energy dissipation along the varying building distance (1W, 2W & 5W).  Thus, to minimize the structural damage, a structure must be located at a safe distance away from the vegetation where flow becomes sub-critical

Effect of cod loading rate on an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor during anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent with butyrate /

Palm oil Mill Effluent (POME) with concentrated butyrate was treated in a 4.5 l upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR), run over a range of influent concentrations (16.5–46.0 g-COD l−1), chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rates (1.5–11.5 g-CODl−1d−1) and 11–4 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 37 °C by maintaining pH between 6.5–7.5. The process consistently removed 97–99% of COD at loading rates up to 1.5–4.8 g-COD l−1d−1 by varying HRT (11–7.2 days). Butyrate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In sulphate-depleted environment, butyrate in POME (BOD/COD ratio of 0.5) is β-oxidised to acetate and hydrogen, by obligate proton reducers in syntrophic association with hydrogen utilizing methanogens. The conversion of acetate to methane appeared to be rate limiting step. Maximum biogas (20.17 ll−1d−1) and methane production (16.2 ll−1d−1) were obtained at COD loading rate of 4.80 gl−1d−1and HRT of 7.2 days. The biogas and methane production were higher in the presence of butyrate compared to control. The methane content of the biogas was in the range of 70–80% throughout the study while in control it was 60–65%. Finding of this study clearly indicates the successful treatment of POME with butyrate in UASBR. Santrauka Palmių aliejaus gamybinės nuotekos (POME) su koncentruotu butiratu buvo apdorotos 4,5 l talpos aukštyn tekančio aerobinio dumblo plokšteliniame reaktoriuje (UASBR). Nuotekos tekėjo įvairių koncentracijų (16,5–46,0 g – ChDS 1−1), cheminio deguonies suvartojimo (ChDS) normos (1,5–11,5 g – ChDS 1−1d.−1). Hidraulinio sulaikymo trukmė (HRT) nuo 11 iki 4 dienų, kai temperatūra 37 °C, pH palaikant 6,5–7,5. Vykstant procesui nuolat buvo pašalinama 97–99% ChD, kai tiekimo ir pakrovimo sparta 1,5–4,8 g – ChDS 1−1d.−1 kintant HRT(11–7,2 d.). Butiratas yra svarbus tarpininkas organinių medžiagų anaerobinio skilimo procese. Sulfatas iš aplinkos, butiratas iš POME (BDS/ChDS santykis 0,5) yra acetato ir vandenilio β oksidatoriai, priverčiantys protonų reducentus sintrofinės sąveikos su vandeniliu metu utilizuoti metanogenus. Acetato virtimas metanu pasirodė esąs greitį ribojantis veiksnys. Daugiausia biodujų (20,17 l 1−1 d.−1) ir metano (16,2 l 1−1 d.−1) susidarė tada, kai suvartojamo ChD tiekimo greitis buvo 4,80 g 1−1d.−1, o HRT – 7,2 dienos. Daugiau biodujų ir metano susidarė dalyvaujant butiratui, palyginti su kontroliniu pavyzdžiu. Biodujose metano kiekis tyrimo metu svyravo 70–80%, o kontroliniame buvo 60–65%. Šis tyrimas aiškiai parodė, kad POME su butiratu UASBreaktoriuje apdorojamas sėkmingai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: anaerobinis skilimas, palmių aliejaus gamybinės nuotekos, butiratas, acetatas,  UASB reaktoriu

HPLC profiling conclusively distinguished two important Unani drugs, namely, Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum)

Suranjan (colchicum) is one of the prime drugs used for arthritis in Unani System of Medicine. Two varieties of the drug are available in the market under the name of Suranjan; one is Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and the other is Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum). The two varieties are often confused with each other due to morphological resemblance. So there is a need to set a distinction between these two varieties of Suranjan. For this purpose the marker compound (Total Alkaloid Content) were estimated quantitatively and the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was conducted on both the drugs. 3 g of the powdered drug was extracted in petroleum ether and dissolved in 6 mL of 75% ethanol to yield test sample. Methanol at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used as a standard. The peaks eluted were detected at 254 nm and compared with the authentic standard at 3.2 min of retention time. The colchicine concentration was found to be higher in Suranjan Talkh (0.21%) as compared to the Suranjan Shirin (0.15%). Therefore the present study offers a phytochemical concentration criterion, namely, colchicine content to distinguish between Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum)

HPLC profiling conclusively distinguished two important Unani drugs, namely, Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum)

170-173Suranjan (colchicum) is one of the prime drugs used for arthritis in Unani System of Medicine. Two varieties of the drug are available in the market under the name of Suranjan; one is Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and the other is Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum). The two varieties are often confused with each other due to morphological resemblance. So there is a need to set a distinction between these two varieties of Suranjan. For this purpose the marker compound (Total Alkaloid Content) were estimated quantitatively and the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was conducted on both the drugs. 3 g of the powdered drug was extracted in petroleum ether and dissolved in 6 mL of 75% ethanol to yield test sample. Methanol at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used as a standard. The peaks eluted were detected at 254 nm and compared with the authentic standard at 3.2 min of retention time. The colchicine concentration was found to be higher in Suranjan Talkh (0.21%) as compared to the Suranjan Shirin (0.15%). Therefore the present study offers a phytochemical concentration criterion, namely, colchicine content to distinguish between Suranjan Shirin (Colchicum autumnale) and Suranjan Talkh (Colchicum luteum)