Species Trait Data for Regression Analysis

Species trait data for each of the 768 paired carnivores in all 13 study areas. Species codes (Spp1 and Spp2) were derived from the first two letters of the genus and species name (e.g., EIBA = Eira barbara). Appendix S2 contains the full list of species examined in this study. We summarized the categorical variables of diet, temporal activity pattern, social structure, body size and taxonomic similarity in two ways. For the first coarse comparison method (e.g., DietCovSimple), we compared species with differing trait values (e.g., when species A | B are strict carnivore | omnivore) to those where pairs shared the trait value (e.g., strict carnivore | strict carnivore). In other words, species pairs were either labeled the ‘same’ or ‘different’ for all categorical variables of interest. For the fine-scale trait comparison (e.g., DietCov), species pairs were categorically valued for all combinations of a trait (e.g., strict carnivore | strict carnivore = 1, strict carnivore | omnivore = 2, strict carnivore | insectivore = 3, etc.). We also characterized the mean weight ratio (heavier:lighter species, MeanBodySize) between two species, including it as a log-transformed continuous variable (logMeanBodySize). We also include the observed number of carnivore species in each study area (NumSpecies) and the study area’s climate as determined by the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system (Climate). Finally, this file also includes the estimated Species Interaction Factor (SIF), the standard deviation of SIF (sd), and the log-transformed SIF values (logSIF)

Data from: Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide

The composition of local mammalian carnivore communities has far-reaching effects on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. To better understand how carnivore communities are structured, we analyzed camera trap data for 108,087 trap days across 12 countries spanning 5 continents. We estimate local probabilities of co-occurrence among 768 species pairs from the order Carnivora and evaluate how shared ecological traits correlated with probabilities of co-occurrence. Within individual study areas, species pairs co-occurred more frequently than expected at random. Co-occurrence probabilities were greatest for species pairs that shared ecological traits including similar body size, temporal activity pattern, and diet. However, co-occurrence decreased as compared to other species pairs when the pair included a large-bodied carnivore. Our results suggest that a combination of shared traits and top-down regulation by large carnivores shape local carnivore communities globally

Assessing global patterns in mammalian carnivore occupancy and richness by integrating local camera trap surveys

Aim:Biodiversity loss is a major driver of ecosystem change, yet the ecological data required to detect and mitigate losses are often lacking. Recently, camera trap surveys have been suggested as a method for sampling local wildlife communities, because these observations can be collated into a global monitoring network. To demonstrate the potential of camera traps for globalmonitoring, we assembled data from multiple local camera trap surveys to evaluate the interchange between fine- and broad-scale processes impacting mammalian carnivore communities.Location: Argentina, Belize, Botswana, Canada, Indonesia, Iran, Madagascar, Nepal, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, and the U.S.A.Methods:We gathered camera trap data, totalling>100,000 trap nights, from across five continents. To analyse local and species-specific responses to anthropogenic and environmental variables, we fitted multispecies occurrence models to each study area. To analyse global-level responses, we then fitted a multispecies, multi-area occurrence model.Results:We recorded 4,805 detections of 96 mammalian carnivore species photographed across 1,714 camera stations located in 12 countries. At the global level, our models revealed that carnivore richness and occupancy within study areas was positively associated with prey availability.Occupancy within study areas also tended to increase with greater protection and greater distances to roads. The strength of these relationships, however, differed among countries.Main conclusions:We developed a research framework for leveraging global camera trap data to evaluate patterns of mammalian carnivore occurrence and richness across multiple spatial scales.Our research highlights the importance of intact prey populations and protected areas in conserving carnivore communities. Our research also highlights the potential of camera traps for monitoring wildlife communities and provides a case study for how this can be achieved on a global scale. We encourage greater integration and standardization among camera trap studies worldwide, which would help inform effective conservation planning for wildlife populations bothlocally and globally.Fil: Rich, Lindsey N.. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Davis, Courtney L.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Farris, Zach J.. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Miller, David A. W.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Tucker, Jody M.. U. S. Forest Service; Estados UnidosFil: Hamel, Sandra. The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø; NoruegaFil: Farhadinia, Mohammad S.. Iranian Cheetah Society; Irán. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Steenweg, Robin. State University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Sede Puerto Iguazu; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Thapa, Kanchan. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Kane, Mamadou D.. Senegalese National Parks; SenegalFil: Sunarto, S.. World Wildlife Fund; IndonesiaFil: Robinson, Nathaniel P.. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Sede Puerto Iguazu; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Cruz, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Sede Puerto Iguazu; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Martins, Quinton. The Cape Leopard Trust; SudáfricaFil: Gholikhani, Navid. Iranian Cheetah Society; IránFil: Taktehrani, Ateih. Iranian Cheetah Society; IránFil: Whittington, Jesse. Banff National Parks; CanadáFil: Widodo, Febri A.. World Wildlife Fund; IndonesiaFil: Yoccoz, Nigel G.. The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø; NoruegaFil: Wultsch, Claudia. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Harmsen, Bart J.. University of Belize; BeliceFil: Kelly, Marcella J.. Virginia Tech University; Estados Unido

Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide

The composition of local mammalian carnivore communities has far-reaching effects on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. To better understand how carnivore communities are structured, we analysed camera trap data for 108 087 trap days across 12 countries spanning five continents. We estimate local probabilities of co-occurrence among 768 species pairs from the order Carnivora and evaluate how shared ecological traits correlate with probabilities of co-occurrence. Within individual study areas, species pairs co-occurred more frequently than expected at random. Co-occurrence probabilities were greatest for species pairs that shared ecological traits including similar body size, temporal activity pattern and diet. However, co-occurrence decreased as compared to other species pairs when the pair included a large-bodied carnivore. Our results suggest that a combination of shared traits and top-down regulation by large carnivores shape local carnivore communities globally.Fil: Davis, Courtney L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Rich, Lindsey N.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Farris, Sach J.. Virginia Tech University; Estados Unidos. Appalachian State University; Estados UnidosFil: Kelly, Marcela J.. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Albanesi, Sebastian Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Farhadinia, Mohammad S.. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Gholikhani, Navid. Iranian Cheetah Society; IránFil: Hamel, Sandra. UiT The Arctic University of Norway; NoruegaFil: Harmsen, Bart J.. University of Belize; BeliceFil: Wultsch, Claudia. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Kane, Mamadou D.. Senegalese National Parks Directorate; SenegalFil: Martins, Quinton. UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Noruega. The Cape Leopard Trust, Cape Town; SudáfricaFil: Murphy, Asia J.. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Steenweg, Robin. Grande Prairi; CanadáFil: Sunarto, Sunarto. World Wildlife Fund; IndonesiaFil: Taktehrani, Atieh. Iranian Cheetah Society; IránFil: Thapa, Kanchan. Virginia Tech University; Estados Unidos. Conservation Science Unit; NepalFil: Tucker, Jody M.. Conservation Science Unit; NepalFil: Whittington, Jesse. Park Resource Conservation; CanadáFil: Widodo, Febri A.. World Wildlife Fund; IndonesiaFil: Yoccoz, Nigel G.. UiT The Arctic University of Norway; NoruegaFil: Miller, David A.W.. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unido