Investigating the effect of brand extensions on brand mental image (Case study: Distribution branches of Minoo Foodstuffs in Mazandaran)

The aim of the present paper is to study the effect of brand extensions on brand mental image distribution branches of Minoo Foodstuffs in Mazandaran during 2013. In this paper, the effects of the related variables were studied such as the effects of mental image of Initial Brand and its fitness with the perceived one based on the brand extensions approach, its fitness with the mental and its effect between initial and final mental image, the effect of mental fitness based on the brand extensions approach and also the brand extensions approach based on the final mental and the perceived fit based on the brand extensions approach. This paper is a functional and measuring study based on its aim and method, respectively. The method used for collecting data is field as well a standardized questionnaire in the papers of Martinez et al. There are 24 questions in this questionnaire, which were arranged in the form of Likert Scale. The statistical method in this paper is structural equations which were analyzed by Lisrel software. In this paper, 7 hypotheses were presented as all of them were confirmed except 5th one

Investigating the effect of brand extensions on brand mental image (Case study: Distribution branches of Minoo Foodstuffs in Mazandaran)

The aim of the present paper is to study the effect of brand extensions on brand mental image distribution branches of Minoo Foodstuffs in Mazandaran during 2013. In this paper, the effects of the related variables were studied such as the effects of mental image of Initial Brand and its fitness with the perceived one based on the brand extensions approach, its fitness with the mental and its effect between initial and final mental image, the effect of mental fitness based on the brand extensions approach and also the brand extensions approach based on the final mental and the perceived fit based on the brand extensions approach. This paper is a functional and measuring study based on its aim and method, respectively. The method used for collecting data is field as well a standardized questionnaire in the papers of Martinez et al. There are 24 questions in this questionnaire, which were arranged in the form of Likert Scale. The statistical method in this paper is structural equations which were analyzed by Lisrel software. In this paper, 7 hypotheses were presented as all of them were confirmed except 5th one

Analysis of Mental Health and Wellbeing of High School Teachers and Its Effect on Emotional and Disciplinary Relationships of High School Students in Ilam

Introduction: Mental health is the prevention of minor behavioral disorders and problems and health promotion is the best form of mental health. The present study aimed to explore the mental health and mental well-being of high school teachers and its effectiveness in emotional and disciplinary relationships of high school students in Ilam, as these relationships are of great importance. Methods: This qualitative and phenomenological study was conducted on all male and female high school teachers in Ilam in the academic year 2018-2019. The participants in the research sample were 24 teachers from different high schools in the city who were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and open-ended written questions, and were analyzed through a coding procedure to extract main themes and subthemes related to the phenomenon under study based on previous studies in the literature. Results: Findings included 5 main themes of teachers 'mental health, positive change in students' behavior, attention to emotional and psychological dimension in disciplinary approaches, interaction between teachers and students and motivation was progress. Conclusion: Given the effect of teachers’ mental health on improving the quality of students' behaviors, psychologists and counselors can use sound mental health and educational models to improve learners' interaction and teach them how to relate to the family, thereby increasing student satisfaction and family cohesion

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

A Survey o f t he Relationship Between EQ and Organizational Entrepreneurship in the State Organizations of Mazandaran State (Iran)

Today, any manager attempting to fulfill the organizational goals should consider the EQ of people as valuable capital and develops it for his human resources. The present study aimed to evaluate the relation between EQ and organizational entrepreneurship among the employees of state organizations of Mazandaran State. The present study was descriptive design with correlation-cross section method in 2012. The study population of the study was 1095 employees of the organization and the sample size was 285 people who were selected by random stratified sampling based on Cochran's formula. To evaluate the EQ, Shrink test was applied and to evaluate the organizational entrepreneurship, researcher-built questionnaire was used. Kolmogorov test was used to determine the normality of the data and Spearman and Kendall correlation was used. The results showed that EQ had significant relation with organizational entrepreneurship and its components as risk taking, innovativeness and proactiveness,all items except innovativeness

Chemotype variations among lichen ecotypes ofUmbilicaria aprinaas revealed by LC-ESI-MS/MS: a survey of antioxidant phenolics

International audienceIn the present study, we characterized the phytochemical properties, which were specifically associated with phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in six distinct ecotypes ofUmbilicaria aprinaNyl.from Iran (including Kivarestan, Mishan, Takht-e Nader, Tochal, Sabalan, and Sahand) to detect diversities within the species. Total phenolic concentration (TPC) and radical scavenging capacities ofU. aprinaecotypes were evaluated. Moreover, qualitative differences between chemical profiles were surveyed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Relatively moderate TPCs (Kivarestan = 36.12 +/- 2.1, Mishan = 41.59 +/- 2.2, Takht-e Nader = 31.85 +/- 1.3, Tochal = 37.55 +/- 2.3, Sabalan = 28.91 +/- 2.5, and Sahand = 31.59 +/- 2.2) were observed for ecotypes, but a very strong correlation (r = -0/842) was obtained between TPCs and IC(50)values. Based on the results of LC-ESI-MS/MS, the following chemical substances were identified orsellinic acid (1), lecanoric acid (2), evernic acid (3), gyrophoric acid (4), umbilicaric acid (5), hiascic acid (6), stictic acid (7) methyl hiascic acid (8), and an unknown substance (9). The MS/MS fragmentation scheme for each substance was determined and proposed. Wide discrepancies were observed in the chemical profiles of lichen ecotypes, which may corroborate the influence of ecological locality conditions, for example, altitude and slope aspects on secondary metabolism of lichen speciesU. aprina. The north-facing and east-facing ecotypes (Sabalan and Mishan, respectively) lacked depsidones (stictic acid) mainly because they receive the least direct radiation. Mishan ecotype, as the only east-facing ecotype, showed the most different chemical profile

Evaluation of ‘white-spotted kidneys’ associated with leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction based <i>LipL32</i> gene in slaughtered cows

The presence of white spots in the kidneys of cattle at slaughter (so-called white-spotted kidneys) can be an indication of infection with Leptospira, a spirochaete of public health concern because it causes zoonotic disease. In this study, 24 kidneys of 180 slaughtered cows (13.3%) showed focal to multifocal white spots at inspection. These kidneys, together with matching urine (n = 18) and blood (n = 24) samples, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the LipL32 gene. Leptospiral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in 19 (79.2%) out of 24 kidneys, as well as 7 (29.2%) blood and 10 (55.5%) urine samples of cows with white spots in their kidneys. Histopathological findings revealed multifocal infiltration of mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes and a few plasma cells in the renal interstitial tissues. In addition, 14 apparently normal kidneys and associated urine and blood samples were similarly examined by PCR but did not provide any positive results. In this study, high detection of leptospirosis in kidneys with interstitial nephritis suggests that Leptospira spp. are associated with white spotted kidneys. The present findings indicate that white spotted kidneys can be due to leptospirosis in this region in southwestern Iran, which indicates an increased risk of zoonotic disease. The data show that LipL32-based primers are useful for PCR-based diagnosis of leptospirosis

CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and preeclampsia: a new promising target gene

Preeclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy and remains a leading cause of neonatal and maternal mortality worldwide. Several studies have revealed that the incidence of preeclampsia is high in mothers who carried a fetus with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome due to the mutation in CREBBP. We aimed to compare the expression level of the CERBBP gene between preeclamptic and healthy placenta in our study. The expression level of CREBBP gene was evaluated in a total of one hundred placental biopsies from PE patients and healthy pregnant women after delivery using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the differential expression of CREBBP was assessed between the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. Expression of the CREBBP gene was higher in preeclampsia patients compared with the controls (Fold change = 2.158; P = 0.018). Moreover, the gene expression was slightly higher in the fetal side of the placenta, although it was not significantly different (Fold change = 1.713, P = 0.254). Our findings show a role for CREBBP in the pathogenesis of PE. Due to the important role of CREBBP in angiogenesis and hypoxia, the gene may serve as a promising target in future studies