Characterization of Viral Inhibiting 2D Carbon- Based Structures Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy

Kohlenstoff 2D-Nanoschichten wie Graphen und Graphenoxid sind vielversprechend, aber schwierig in Bezug auf multivalente Wechselwirkungen zu kontrollieren. Das Verständnis, wie neuartige Funktionalisierungsmethoden die Geometrie, Wechselwirkungen und elektronischen Eigenschaften der Graphenblätter beeinflussen, ist der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Diese Arbeit untersucht zwei Methoden zur Modifikation von 2D-Graphennanoschichten: "Graft to" und "Graft from" Techniken, unter Verwendung von „[2+1] Nitren-Cycloaddition“ und ringöffnender Polymerisation von Glycerin, zusätzlich zum Wachstum von 2D-Triazin-Kohlenstoffstrukturen. Diese modifizierten Nanoschichten wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Wechselwirkung mit dem Vesikulären Stomatitis-Virus (VSV) und ihrer Zweidimensionalität mittels Rastersondenmikroskopie und Raman-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die Studie zeigt das Potenzial funktionalisierter Graphen in der Virologie und liefert Einblicke für zukünftige Forschungen. Ergebnisse zeigten, dass funktionalisierte 2D-TRGO an VSV-Partikel bindet und flexibel genug bleibt, um auf einer flachen Glimmeroberfläche Falten zu bilden, aber sie können die Virushüllen nicht vollständig umschließen. Dies liegt an den hohen Energiekosten für das Biegen großer lateraler Dimensionen (~1-2 μm) im Vergleich zur 200 nm Länge der VSV-Partikel. Eine optimale laterale Dimension von ~300 nm für funktionalisierte 2D-TRGO-Blätter maximiert virale Wechselwirkungen, Hemmungseffizienz und Anzeichen viraler Umhüllung. Triazin, ein Schlüsselmolekül in der Funktionalisierung, kann zur Herstellung von 2D-Triazin-Strukturen im Gramm-Maßstab verwendet werden. Potenzielle Anwendungen funktionalisierter Graphene umfassen spezialisierte antivirale Therapien und die Verwendung als Plattform für antivirale Medikamente. Zudem zeigten die Ergebnisse minimale Störungen der elektronischen Struktur von Graphen durch Triazin-Funktionalisierung.Carbon-based 2D nanosheets like graphene and graphene oxide are promising but challenging to control in terms of multivalent interactions. Understanding how novel functionalization methods affect graphene sheets' geometry, interaction specificity and electronic properties is the focus of this thesis, which is crucial for advancing the design of 2D nanomaterials. This thesis examines two novel methods for modifying 2D graphene nanosheets: "graft to" and "graft from" techniques, using [2+1] nitrene cycloaddition reactions and ring-opening multibranch polymerization of glycerol in addition to in plane growth of 2D triazine -carbon based structures. These modified nanosheets were studied for their interaction with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and their two-dimensionality using scanning probe microscopy methods and Raman spectroscopy. The study highlights the potential of functionalized graphene nanosheets in virology and provides insights for future research. Results revealed that functionalized 2D TRGO binds to VSV particles and remains flexible enough to wrinkle on a flat mica interface but they cannot completely wrap the viral envelopes. This is due to the high energy cost of bending large lateral dimensions (~1-2μm) compared to the 200 nm length of VSV particles. An optimum lateral dimension of ~300 nm for functionalized 2D TRGO sheets was found to maximize viral interactions, inhibition efficiency, and signs of viral envelopment. Triazine, a key molecule in functionalization, can also be used to create 2D triazine structures on a gram scale. Functionalized graphene's potential applications include specialized antiviral therapies, such as targeted therapies exploiting multivalent interactions between viruses and cellular receptors, and using functionalized graphene as a delivery platform for antiviral drugs. Additionally, results showed minimal disturbance of graphene electronic structure via Triazine functionalization

Graphene‐Assisted Synthesis of 2D Polyglycerols as Innovative Platforms for Multivalent Virus Interactions

2D nanomaterials have garnered widespread attention in biomedicine and bioengineering due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, poor functionality, low solubility, intrinsic toxicity, and nonspecific interactions at biointerfaces have hampered their application in vivo. Here, biocompatible polyglycerol units are crosslinked in two dimensions using a graphene-assisted strategy leading to highly functional and water-soluble polyglycerols nanosheets with 263 ± 53 nm and 2.7 ± 0.2 nm average lateral size and thickness, respectively. A single-layer hyperbranched polyglycerol containing azide functional groups is covalently conjugated to the surface of a functional graphene template through pH-sensitive linkers. Then, lateral crosslinking of polyglycerol units is carried out by loading tripropargylamine on the surface of graphene followed by lifting off this reagent for an on-face click reaction. Subsequently, the polyglycerol nanosheets are detached from the surface of graphene by slight acidification and centrifugation and is sulfated to mimic heparin sulfate proteoglycans. To highlight the impact of the two-dimensionality of the synthesized polyglycerol sulfate nanosheets at nanobiointerfaces, their efficiency with respect to herpes simplex virus type 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 inhibition is compared to their 3D nanogel analogs. Four times stronger in virus inhibition suggests that 2D polyglycerols are superior to their current 3D counterparts.Peer Reviewe

Letter: A Note on Neurosurgical Resection and Why We Need to Rethink Cutting

Peer Reviewe

Metal-assisted and solvent-mediated synthesis of two-dimensional triazine structures on gram scale

We thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) for financial support within the grants SFB 765 and SFB 658. M.F.G. and J.P.R. also acknowledge the support of the Cluster of Excellence “Matters of Activity. Image Space Material” funded by the DFG under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2025-390648296. Furthermore, A.T. acknowledges the DFG for funding within the project TH 1463/12-1. We thank Dr. Andreas Schäfer and Maiko Schulze for solid NMR experiments and we appreciate the effort of Vahid Ahmadi Soureshjani in MALDI-TOF experiments. We acknowledge M. Eng. Jörg M. Stockmann for operating the XPS instrument at the BAM and Prof. Stephanie Reich and Dr. Antonio Setaro for fruitful discussions. 2DTs-HRTEM and -EELS studies were conducted at the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. R.A. gratefully acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through project grant MAT2016-79776-P (AEI/FEDER, UE) and from the European Union H2020 programs ETN projects “Graphene Flagship” (785219 and 881603), FLAG-ERA - Graphene (MICINN) GATES (PCI2018-093137) and “ESTEEM3” (823717).Peer reviewe

Vertebral Fractures Due to Metastatic Tumors: A Case Report

Metastasis is responsible for most cancer-related morbidity and mortality. In principle, metastasis is the spread of cancer from the primary site to distant tissues. Pathological consistency may be compromised during metastasis. We report the case of a 55-year-old man with MRI images of the dorsal spine showing the effects of a fifth dorsal collapse. He was referred to our hospital because of back pain, imbalance, inability to walk, and weakness of the lower limb. The histological features of bone tumors were corresponding with cell carcinoma, and bone damage was considered metastatic from a site in the lung. His general situation gently diminished, and He died during radiotherapy

Additional file 1: of Combination of sofosbuvir, pegylated-interferon and ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Appendix. Search strategies. (DOC 26 kb

In vitro complete differentiation of human spermatogonial stem cells to morphologic spermatozoa using a hybrid hydrogel of agarose and laminin

Spermatogenesis refers to the differentiation of the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) located in the base seminiferous tubules into haploid spermatozoa. Prerequisites for in vitro spermatogenesis include an extracellular matrix (ECM), paracrine factors, and testicular somatic cells which play a supporting role for SSCs. Thus, the present study evaluated the potential of co-culturing Sertoli cells and SSCs embedded in a hybrid hydrogel of agarose and laminin, the main components of the ECM. Following the three–week conventional culture of human testicular cells, the cells were cultured in agarose hydrogel or agarose/laminin one (hybrid) for 74 days. Then, immunocytochemistry, real-time PCR, electron microscopy, and morphological staining methods were applied to analyze the presence of SSCs, as well as the other cells of the different stages of spermatogenesis. Based on the results, the colonies with positive spermatogenesis markers were observed in both culture systems. The existence of the cells of all three phases of spermatogenesis (spermatogonia, meiosis, and spermiogenesis) was confirmed in the two groups, while morphological spermatozoa were detected only in the hybrid hydrogel group. Finally, a biologically improved 3D matrix can support all the physiological activities of SSCs such as survival, proliferation, and differentiation

Graphene‐Assisted Synthesis of 2D Polyglycerols as Innovative Platforms for Multivalent Virus Interactions

2D nanomaterials have garnered widespread attention in biomedicine and bioengineering due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, poor functionality, low solubility, intrinsic toxicity, and nonspecific interactions at biointerfaces have hampered their application in vivo. Here, biocompatible polyglycerol units are crosslinked in two dimensions using a graphene-assisted strategy leading to highly functional and water-soluble polyglycerols nanosheets with 263 ± 53 nm and 2.7 ± 0.2 nm average lateral size and thickness, respectively. A single-layer hyperbranched polyglycerol containing azide functional groups is covalently conjugated to the surface of a functional graphene template through pH-sensitive linkers. Then, lateral crosslinking of polyglycerol units is carried out by loading tripropargylamine on the surface of graphene followed by lifting off this reagent for an on-face click reaction. Subsequently, the polyglycerol nanosheets are detached from the surface of graphene by slight acidification and centrifugation and is sulfated to mimic heparin sulfate proteoglycans. To highlight the impact of the two-dimensionality of the synthesized polyglycerol sulfate nanosheets at nanobiointerfaces, their efficiency with respect to herpes simplex virus type 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 inhibition is compared to their 3D nanogel analogs. Four times stronger in virus inhibition suggests that 2D polyglycerols are superior to their current 3D counterparts.Peer Reviewe