Assessment and medium-term follow up of heart transplant candidates undergoing low-intensity exercise

OBJECTIVE: To study cardiovascular behavior and safety regarding a low-intensity exercise program for heart transplant candidates with severe heart failure. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with severe heart failure on the transplant list of the UNIFESP university hospital (Brazil) were studied. Following evaluation, the patients were monitored during an exercise program with six progressive phases (1 - upper limbs; 2 - lower limbs; 3 - walking; 4 - ½ flight of stairs; 5 - walking 200 m; and 6 - whole flight of stairs), with the intensity estimated at two to six metabolic equivalents (1 MET = 3.5 ml of O2/kg/min.). The patients were prospectively followed up for approximately 17 months for the occurrence of clinical complications and death. RESULTS: Three patients were unable to perform the complete program; BMI, maximal respiratory pressure (Pimax and Pemax, cmH2O) and number of previous hospitalizations were considered predictors for this subgroup. Heart rate (HR, bpm), double product (DP, bpm x mmHg) and Borg perceived exertion scale (PE) underwent the greatest oscillation during exercise, especially in phase 5 (HMETS), and are considered the best markers related to exertion. Blood pressure (BP, mmHg) oscillated little. There was no increase in the incidence of arrhythmia (Kappa=0.552) during exercise. There was a moderate positive correlation between PE and BP (r=0.4; P=0.02) in phase 5 (walking 200 m). The patients who died had low Pimax values upon the initial evaluation. During the exercise program, there was a reduction in BP response and an increase in HR response. CONCLUSION: Regarding cardiovascular behavior, the exercise program proved safe and well tolerated, but there is a need for monitoring. Information obtained upon the initial evaluation and during exercise program is associated to decompensation and death. Such information could assist in determining the stage of the disease.OBJETIVOS: Estudar o comportamento cardiovascular e segurança frente a protocolo de exercícios de baixa intensidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) grave, candidatos a transplante cardíaco. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 21 pacientes com IC grave, inscritos na lista de transplante cardíaco do Hospital Universitário da UNIFESP. Após avaliação, os pacientes foram monitorados durante a realização de protocolo de exercício com seis fases progressivas (1º membros superiores, 2º membros inferiores, 3º caminhada 35 m, 4º ½ lance de escada, 5º caminhada de 200 m e 6º 1 lance de escada), com intensidade estimada em 2 a 6 equivalentes metabólicos (1 MET = 3,5 ml de O2/kg/min.). Os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente por aproximadamente 17 meses quanto à ocorrência de complicações clínicas e óbito. RESULTADOS: Dentre os pacientes estudados, três não foram capazes de realizar o protocolo completo, sendo as variáveis índice de massa corporal (IMC), pressão respiratória máxima (Pimáx e Pemáx, cmH2O) e número de internações prévias, consideradas preditivas neste subgrupo. Frente ao protocolo de exercício, a frequência cardíaca (FC, bpm), duplo produto (DP, bpm x mmHg) e escala de percepção de esforço (EP, Borg) apresentaram maior oscilação, principalmente durante a fase 5 (H5 METS), sendo considerados os melhores marcadores relativos ao esforço. A pressão arterial (PA, mmHg) apresentou pouca oscilação. Não houve aumento da incidência de arritmias (Kappa=0,552) frente ao esforço. Observamos correlação positiva moderada entre a EP apenas na fase 6 (caminhada de 200m), com PA (r=0,4; P=0,02). Nos pacientes com desfecho óbito, foram observados valores reduzidos de PiMax na avaliação prévia. Durante o protocolo, redução da resposta de PA e maior elevação da resposta de FC. CONCLUSÃO: O comportamento cardiovascular frente ao protocolo de exercícios foi bem tolerado e seguro, mas reforça a necessidade de monitoração. Informações obtidas na avaliação clínica inicial e durante o protocolo estão associadas com a descompensação e óbito tardio, e podem auxiliar no estadiamento destes pacientes.UNIFESP-EPMUniversidade de BrasíliaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Evaluación de la seguridad de la test de marcha de 6 minutos en pacientes en el pre-transplante cardiaco

BACKGROUND: The 6-minute walk test (6WT) has been used as a means of assessment of the functional capacity, clinical staging and cardiovascular prognosis. Its safety and metabolic impact have not been frequently described in the literature, especially in patients with severe heart failure with clinical indication for cardiovascular transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of arrhythmias and cardiovascular changes during 6WT. To correlate 6WT performance with clinical staging and cardiovascular prognosis. METHODS: Twelve patients, 10 of whom males, aged 52 ± 8 years were evaluated at baseline. 6WT was performed with telemetry electrocardiography, vital signs and lactate monitoring. The patients were followed-up for 12 months. RESULTS: The patients walked 399.4±122.5 (D, m), reaching a perceived exertion (PE) of 14.3±1.5 and a 34% baseline heart rate variation. Two patients presented more severe pre-6WT arrhythmia which did not worsen with the exercice, four patients presented a significant increase of blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/dl), and three interrupted the test. The distance walked correlated with the ejection fraction (%) and functional class (NYHA). After 12-month follow-up, three patients died and seven were rehospitalized for cardiac decompensation. The D/PE ratio and 2-minute heart rate recovery (HRR2, bpm) were lower in the death group. CONCLUSION: The clinical and electrocardiographic behaviors suggest that the method is safe, but it may be considered too strenuous for some patients with severe heart failure. Variables related to 6WT performance may be associated with the one-year follow-up mortality.FUNDAMENTO: El test de marcha de 6 minutos (TM6m) ha sido utilizado como forma de evaluación de la capacidad funcional, del estadiamiento clínico y el pronóstico cardiovascular. La seguridad y el impacto metabólico son poco descritos en la literatura, principalmente en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca severa e indicación clínica para transplante cardiovascular Objetivo: Evaluar la ocurrencia de arritmias y alteraciones cardiovasculares durante el TM6m. Correlacionar el desempeño en el TM6m con el estadiamiento clínico y el pronóstico cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Un total de 12 pacientes, 10 varones, con edad de 52 ± 8 años, fueron sometidos a evaluación inicial. Realizaron el TM6m con monitoreo electrocardiográfico por telemetría, señales vitales y lactato. Se siguieron a los individuos por 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes recorrieron 399,4 ± 122,5 (D, m), alcanzando un esfuerzo percibido (EP) de 14,3 ± 1,5 y variación del 34% en la frecuencia cardiaca basal. Dos pacientes presentaron arritmia de mayor severidad pre-TM6m y no mostraron empeoramiento ante el esfuerzo; cuatro tuvieron elevación significativa en los niveles de lactato sanguíneo (>5 mmol/dl), y tres interrumpieron el examen. La distancia recorrida evidenció correlación con la fracción de eyección (%) y la clasificación funcional (NYHA). Tras 12 meses de seguimiento, tres pacientes murieron, y siete se reinternaron por descompensación cardiaca. La relación (D/EP) y frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en el segundo minuto (FCR2, lpm) fueron inferiores en el grupo óbito. CONCLUSIÓN: El comportamiento clínico y electrocardiográfico sugiere que el método es seguro, pero se puede considerarlo de alta intensidad para algunos pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca severa. Variables relacionadas al desempeño en el TM6m pueden estar asociadas con la mortalidad en el seguimiento de un año.FUNDAMENTO: O teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos (TC6) tem sido utilizado como forma de avaliação da capacidade funcional, estadiamento clínico e prognóstico cardiovascular. A segurança e o impacto metabólico são pouco descritos na literatura, principalmente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca grave, com indicação clínica para transplante cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de arritmias e alterações cardiovasculares durante o TC6. Correlacionar o desempenho no TC6 com o estadiamento clínico e prognóstico cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes, sendo 10 masculinos, com idade de 52 ± 8 anos, foram submetidos à avaliação inicial. Realizaram o TC6 com monitoramento eletrocardiográfico por telemetria, sinais vitais e lactato. Foram acompanhados por 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes percorreram 399,4 ± 122,5 (D, m), atingindo um esforço percebido (EP) de 14,3 ± 1,5 e variação de 34% na freqüência cardíaca basal. Dois pacientes apresentaram arritmia de maior gravidade pré-TC6 e não pioraram ante o esforço, quatro tiveram elevação significativa nos níveis de lactato sangüíneo (>5 mmol/dl), e três interromperam o exame. A distância percorrida evidenciou correlação com a fração de ejeção (%) e classificação funcional (NYHA). Após 12 meses de seguimento, três pacientes foram a óbito, e reinternaram-se sete por descompensação cardíaca. A relação (D/EP) e freqüência cardíaca de recuperação no segundo minuto (FCR2, bpm) foram inferiores no grupo-óbito. CONCLUSÃO: O comportamento clínico e eletrocardiográfico sugere que o método é seguro, mas pode ser considerado de alta intensidade para alguns pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca grave. Variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho no TC6 podem estar associadas com a mortalidade no seguimento de um ano.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Universidade de São PauloUNIFESP, Universidade de São PauloSciEL

Tradução e adaptação cultural do Duke activity status index para a língua portuguesa

INTRODUCTION: The limited number of valid and reliable questionnaires for the evaluation of exercise tolerance has stimulated the development of simple international assessment tools for this purpose, one of the most widely used of which is the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). However, this index has not yet been translated and adapted to the Portuguese language. OBJECTIVE: To develop a Brazilian version of the DASI and cross-culturally adapt it for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness among patients with cardiovascular disease in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The translation process involved four stages: initial translation, back-translation, multidisciplinary committee review and pre-test with 16 subjects (8 cardiac patients and 8 healthy individuals). Patients were screened from outpatient Cardiac Surgery, São Paulo Hospital. The Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were employed to determine differences between controls and individuals with heart disease. RESULTS: The sample was characterized by individuals aged ≥ 50 years who were mainly from the southeastern region of Brazil (62.5%) and were non-smokers (56.2%). Less than half of the cohort was considered physically active (43.75%). The level of non-understanding was less than 10% of the sample. Doubts were prevalent among individuals with heart disease (75%) regarding the level of fatigue caused when performing a task. CONCLUSION: The present findings demonstrate that the DASI was successfully translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese.INTRODUÇÃO: A limitação quanto ao uso rotineiro e em escala populacional dos métodos de maior acurácia para avaliação da capacidade incentivou o desenvolvimento de questionários de estimativa. O questionário Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) é um dos mais utilizados, no entanto ainda não traduzido e adaptado para língua portuguesa. OBJETIVO: Desenvolver uma versão brasileira do DASI e adaptá-lo culturalmente para avaliação da capacidade cardiorrespiratória de cardiopatas no Brasil. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas quatro etapas metodologicamente recomendadas para esta finalidade: tradução inicial, tradução reversa, revisão por comitê multidisciplinar e pré-teste de verificação com 16 indivíduos (oito cardiopatas e oito saudáveis). Os pacientes foram triados no ambulatório da Cirurgia Cardíaca do Hospital São Paulo. Para verificar as possíveis diferenças entre os indivíduos saudáveis e cardiopatas foram utilizados os testes α Mann-Whitney ou qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi caracterizada por indivíduos procedentes da região Sudeste (62,5%), não tabagistas (56,2%), ativos (43,75%) e com idade ≥ 50 anos. O nível de não compreensão aceitável foi de até 10% dos entrevistados. As dúvidas foram predominantes nos cardiopatas (75%) em relação ao grupo saudável (12,5%), sendo concentradas na consideração ou não do nível de cansaço para realizar a tarefa. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstram que o DASI foi satisfatoriamente traduzido e adaptado para a lingua portuguesa.Brasília UniversityFederal University of São Paulo Sector of Cardiovascular SurgeryNove de Julho UniversityUniversity of Illinois Chicago College of Applied Health Sciences University of Illinois ChicagoBrasília University Physical Therapy CourseUNIFESP, Sector of Cardiovascular SurgerySciEL

A profile of physical therapy in cardiovascular rehabilitation in Brazil

This exploratory study aimed at knowing physical therapy practices in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) services in Brazilian hospitals, as well as the professional profile and scholarly background of physical therapists who work therein, besides getting information on Pt services management. A websurvey was carried out using a 52-item questionnaire consisting in: 25 questions on the model of action; 14 on procedures performed during evaluations; 3 on scholarly and professional profiles; 6 on administration of the CR service, plus four open-ended questions for suggestions. In about a third of the 67 respondent institutions, there is no CR physical therapy; among those where there is one, 63% of the services begin CR in the pre-intervention period. Physical therapy monitoring in the post-intervention period is performed in 74% of services. In phase III of CR, 65% of patients undergo supervised treatment. Physical therapists are the main professionals linked to the administration in 32% of the services (n=18), and most of them have master degrees. This study points to the need to further studying the subject, so as to help service standardization and the production of guidelines for CR physical therapy.O estudo visou conhecer o modelo de atuação da fisioterapia em reabilitação cardiovascular (RC) no Brasil, bem como o perfil profissional do fisioterapeuta que trabalha com RC e o perfil administrativo dos serviços de RC. Foram obtidas 67 respostas a um questionário disponibilizado na internet durante 2005, consistindo em 52 perguntas fechadas sobre a RC: 25 questões referentes ao modelo de atuação, 14 aos procedimentos de avaliação, 3 ao perfil acadêmico e profissional da equipe, 6 à administração do serviço de RC e 4 questões abertas para sugestões. A intervenção fisioterápica (IF) em RC está presente em cerca de dois terços dos serviços estudados; dentre os que oferecem IF em RC, 63% iniciam a reabilitação no período pré-intervenção. O acompanhamento fisioterápico no pós-intervenção é realizado em 71% dos serviços nas unidades de terapia intensiva e em 75% nas unidades de internação. Na fase III da RC, 65% dos serviçoc oferecem tratamento supervisionado aos pacientes. O fisioterapeuta é o principal profissional ligado à administração do serviço e a maioria apresenta formação em nível de especialização. O presente estudo evidencia a necessidade de outros estudos sobre o tema, visando a padronização dos serviços e a criação de manuais de conduta.UNIFESP-EPMUniversidade de BrasíliaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasUNIFESP-EPM Depto. de Cirurgia CardiovascularUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Cirurgia CardiovascularSciEL

Interferential electrical stimulation improves peripheral vasodilatation in healthy individuals

BACKGROUND:Interferential electrical stimulation (IES), which may be linked to greater penetration of deep tissue, may restore blood flow by sympathetic nervous modulation; however, studies have found no association between the frequency and duration of the application and blood flow. We hypothesized that 30 min of IES applied to the ganglion stellate region might improve blood flow redistribution.OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IES on metaboreflex activation in healthy individuals.METHOD:Interferential electrical stimulation or a placebo stimulus (same protocol without electrical output) was applied to the stellate ganglion region in eleven healthy subjects (age 25±1.3 years) prior to exercise. Mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), calf blood flow (CBF) and calf vascular resistance (CVR) were measured throughout exercise protocols (submaximal static handgrip exercise) and with recovery periods with or without postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO+ and PECO -, respectively). Muscle metaboreflex control of calf vascular resistance was estimated by subtracting the area under the curve when circulation was occluded from the area under the curve from the AUC without circulatory occlusion.RESULTS:At peak exercise, increases in mean blood pressure were attenuated by IES (p<0.05), and the effect persisted under both the PECO+ and PECO- treatments. IES promoted higher CBF and lower CVR during exercise and recovery. Likewise, IES induced a reduction in the estimated muscle metaboreflex control (placebo, 21±5 units vs. IES, 6±3, p<0.01).CONCLUSION:Acute application of IES prior to exercise attenuates the increase in blood pressure and vasoconstriction during exercise and metaboreflex activation in healthy subjects.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FIPE-HCPA, Porto Alegre, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Cardiovascular Surgery DepartmentHospital de Clinicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade de Brasilia Physical Therapy DepartmentUNIFESP, Cardiovascular Surgery DepartmentSciEL

Effects of blood flow restriction therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common and prevalent musculoskeletal disease associated with population aging, negatively impacting function and quality of life. A consequence of knee OA is quadriceps muscle weakness. Musculoskeletal rehabilitation using low load exercises, associated with Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) may be a useful alternative to high load exercises when those cannot be tolerated. Several systematic reviews have reported inconclusive results due to discrepancies in study findings, heterogeneity of results, evaluated time points, and research questions explored.ObjectiveTo perform an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses, synthesizing the most recent evidence on the effects of muscle strength training with BFR for knee OA.MethodologySystematic reviews that include primary controlled and randomized clinical trials will be considered for inclusion. Articles will be considered only if they present a clear and reproducible methodological structure, and when they clearly demonstrate that a critical analysis of the evidence was carried out using instrumented analysis. Narrative reviews, other types of review, overviews of systematic reviews, and diagnostic, prognostic and economic evaluation studies will be excluded. Studies must include adults aged 40 years and older with a diagnosis of knee OA. Two authors will perform an electronic search with guidance from an experienced librarian. The following databases will be searched: PubMed via MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), PEDro, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) via EBSCO host, Web of Science, and the gray literature. The search strategy used in the databases will follow the acronym PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design). Screening (i.e., titles and abstracts) of studies identified by the search strategy will be selected using Rayyan (http://rayyan.qcri.org). The quality assessment will be performed using the “Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews” (AMSTAR-2) tool.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO, CRD42022367209

Marcha de Idosas e Risco de Quedas

Objetivou-se relacionar a marcha dojovem e do idoso. Estudo retrospectivo, do bancode dados de indivíduos saudáveis, cuja análise demarcha foi realizada no Laboratório deMovimento da Universidade Estadual de Goiás(UEG). As variáveis observadas foram:cinemática das articulações do quadril, joelho etornozelo; velocidade e cadência da marcha; alturae comprimento do passo; tempo da fase de apoio ebalanço; velocidade do calcâneo no contato iniciale distância do pé ao solo na maior velocidade dobalanço. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitneypara amostras não paramétricas e independentesnas análises estatísticas. Os resultados mostraram,no grupo idoso, menor velocidade e cadência,adotando um tempo de apoio relativamente maior;menor amplitude de movimento de tornozelo,sobretudo em flexão plantar, que influencia atomada de impulso e execução mais lenta dosmovimentos, gerando um ciclo de marcha maior.Essas alterações associadas a fatores internos eexternos predispõem às quedas

Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in resistant hypertensive individuals: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Resistant hypertension (RH) treatment requires an adequate and intense therapeutic approach. However, the results are not always satisfactory despite intensive treatment. Of the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of RH, sympathetic overstimulation and therapies that block the sympathetic system have been widely studied. These approaches, however, are invasive and expensive. Another possible approach is by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a noninvasive method that modulates activity by using low-frequency transcutaneous electrical stimulation to inhibit primary afferent pathways. Thus, the current study will evaluate the effect of applying TENS in the cervicothoracic region of subjects with RH and will seek to develop a new low-cost and readily available therapy to treat this group of hypertensive individuals. Methods/design: This is a randomized, single blind (subject), parallel-assignment study controlled with a sham group and including participants aged 40 to 70 years with resistant hypertension. The trial has two arms: the treatment and control (sham group). The treatment group will be submitted to the stimulation procedure (TENS). The sham group will not be submitted to stimulation. The primary outcomes will be a reduction in the peripheral blood pressure and adverse events. The secondary outcomes will be a reduction the central blood pressure. The study will last 30 days. The sample size was calculated assuming an alpha error of 5 % to reject the null hypothesis with a statistical power of 80 %, thereby resulting in 28 participants per group (intervention versus sham). Discussion: In recent decades, RH has become very common and costly. Adequate control requires several drugs, and in many cases, treatment is not successful. Sympathetic nervous system inhibition by renal denervation and central inhibition have significant effects in reducing BP; however, these treatments are costly and invasive. Another type of sympathetic nervous system inhibition can also be noninvasively achieved by electric current. Therefore, the application of TENS may be a new therapeutic option for treating resistant hypertensive individuals. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials NCT0236597

Oxidative damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure in mice : impact on lung tissue and diaphragm muscle

Objetivo: Avaliar o dano oxidativo (oxidação lipídica, oxidação proteica, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico], e carbonilação) e inflamação (expressão de phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase e de phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-AMPK e p-mTOR, respectivamente) em tecido pulmonar e músculos do diafragma em camundongos C57BL/6 machos expostos à fumaça de cigarro (FC) por 7, 15, 30, 45 ou 60 dias. Métodos: Trinta e seis camundongos machos da espécie C57BL/6 foram divididos em seis grupos (n = 6/grupo): grupo controle e 5 grupos expostos a FC por 7, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias, respectivamente. Resultados: Comparados aos camundongos controle, os camundongos expostos à FC apresentaram menor peso corporal em 30 dias. Nos camundongos expostos à FC (comparados aos controle) as maiores diferenças (aumentos) nos níveis de TBARS foram observados no dia 7 no músculo diafragma, comparado ao dia 45 em tecido pulmonar; as maiores diferenças (aumentos) nos níveis de carbonilas foram observados no dia 7 em ambos os tipos de tecido; e os níveis de sulfidrilas foram menores, nos dois tipos de tecidos, em todos os tempos. No tecido pulmonar e no músculo diafragma, a expressão de p-AMPK exibiu um comportamento semelhante ao dos níveis de TBARS. A expressão de p-mTOR foi maior que o valor controle nos dias 7 e 15 no tecido pulmonar, assim como no dia 45 no músculo diafragma. Conclusões: Nossos dados demonstram que a exposição à FC produz dano oxidativo tanto no tecido pulmonar quanto (primariamente) no tecido muscular, tendo um efeito adicional no músculo respiratório, como é frequentemente observado em fumantes com DPOC.Objective: To evaluate oxidative damage (lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS], and carbonylation) and inflammation (expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin [p-AMPK and p-mTOR, respectively]) in the lung parenchyma and diaphragm muscles of male C57BL-6 mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 7, 15, 30, 45, or 60 days. Methods: Thirty-six male C57BL-6 mice were divided into six groups (n = 6/group): a control group; and five groups exposed to CS for 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively. Results: Compared with control mice, CS-exposed mice presented lower body weights at 30 days. In CS-exposed mice (compared with control mice), the greatest differences (increases) in TBARS levels were observed on day 7 in diaphragm-muscle, compared with day 45 in lung tissue; the greatest differences (increases) in carbonyl levels were observed on day 7 in both tissue types; and sulfhydryl levels were lower, in both tissue types, at all time points. In lung tissue and diaphragm muscle, p-AMPK expression exhibited behavior similar to that of TBARS. Expression of p-mTOR was higher than the control value on days 7 and 15 in lung tissue, as it was on day 45 in diaphragm muscle. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that CS exposure produces oxidative damage, not only in lung tissue but also (primarily) in muscle tissue, having an additional effect on respiratory muscle, as is frequently observed in smokers with COPD