Translating Events, Glossing Experience : European Texts and American Encounters

Les referències al romancer i altres textos literaris d'arrels medievals en els primerencs documents històrics hispanoamericans s'han interpretat de dues principals maneres: una lingüística i una altra sociojurídica. D'una banda, es consideren aquestes referències com a testimonis que el romancer estava fermament arrelat a la llengua i cultura populars del segle XVI. De l'altra, es prenen les cites i al·lusions als romanços i altres textos, sobretot en els documents que pertanyen a l'univers textual de les relacions de mèrits i serveis, com a mitjans de autoagrandamiento que sorgien de la necessitat de presentar-se els autors com valents i heroics subjectes de la Corona. El present estudi proposa una tercera alternativa al fenomen. Proposa que les referències beltrísticas en les cròniques del segle XVI funcionen en un nivell epistemològic més profund, constituint-se com estratègies hermenèutiques els orígens es poden trobar a les pràctiques medievals de la lectura i composició dels textos. Es proposa que les referències literàries funcionen a manera de gloses que permeten organitzar i processar elconeixement del que ignot. Faciliten l'assimilació de noves experiències i idees, especialment l'assimilació del que completament desconegut, a l'acomodar el totalment nou a un univers cultural preestablert, ell dels autors i lectors europeus. En aquestes referències literàries es descobreixen en el pla retòric i lingüístic un dels gestos bàsics del colonialisme: el desig de apropiar, dominar, i poblar el territori de l'altre en transformar aquest en una imatge d'un mateix.References to the romancero and other literary texts stemming from the medieval tradition in early Spanish American historical documents have been interpreted in two principal ways: one linguistic, the other socio-juridical. On the one hand, they are seen as evidence that the romancero was fi rmly rooted in popular language and culture, specifi cally in the colloquial usage of the sixteenth century. On the other hand, that allusions to ballads and other belletristic references in these works, which belong primarily to the textual universe of the relaciones de méritos y servicios (often composed as self-serving justifi cations for questionable actions), function as a means of self-engrandizement. In this way authors conformed to discursive requirements that compelled them to portray themselves as valiant, when not heroic, subjects of the Crown. The current article proposes a third alternative; namely, that the literary references in sixteenth-century chronicles operate at another deeper epistemological level,and constitute hermeneutical strategies rooted in medieval reading and writing practices. Specifically, that they operate as glosses which process and organize knowledge in a way that allows for the assimilation of new knowledge —especially knowledge of the unknown— into the broader cultural context of the author and the reader. In them, we are able to discover at the level of language and rhetoric one of the basic gestures of colonialism: the urge to appropriate, inhabit the territory of, and dominate the Other through the Other’s transformation into familiar images of the self.Las referencias al romancero y otros textos literarios de raíces medievales en los tempranos documentos históricos hispanoamericanos se han interpretado de dos principales maneras: una lingüística y otra socio-jurídica. Por un lado, se consideran estas referencias como testimonios de que el romancero estaba fi rmemente arraigado en la lengua y cultura populares del siglo XVI. Por otro, se toman las citas y alusiones a los romances y otros textos, sobre todo en los documentos que pertenecen al universo textual de las relaciones de méritos y servicios, como medios de autoagrandamiento que surgían de la necesidad de presentarse los autores como valientes y heroicos sujetos de la Corona. El presente estudio propone una tercera alternativa al fenómeno. Propone que las referencias beltrísticas en las crónicas del siglo XVI funcionan en un nivel epistemológico más profundo, constituyéndose como estrategias hermenéuticas cuyos orígenes se pueden encontrar en las prácticas medievales de la lectura y composición de los textos. Se propone que las referencias literarias funcionan a modo de glosas que permiten organizar y procesar elconocimiento de lo ignoto. Facilitan la asimilación de nuevas experiencias e ideas, especialmente la asimilación de lo completamente desconocido, al acomodar lo totalmente nuevo a un universo cultural pre-establecido, él de los autores y lectores europeos. En estas referencias literarias se descubren en el plano retórico y lingüístico uno de los gestos básicos del colonialismo: el deseo de apropiar, dominar, y poblar el territorio del Otro al transformar éste en una imagen de uno mismo

Precincts of Contention: Urban Places and the Ideology of Space in <i>Celestina</i>

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Translating Events, Glossing Experience : European Texts and American Encounters

References to the romancero and other literary texts stemming from the medieval tradition in early Spanish American historical documents have been interpreted in two principal ways: one linguistic, the other socio-juridical. On the one hand, they are seen as evidence that the romancero was firmly rooted in popular language and culture, specifically in the colloquial usage of the sixteenth century. On the other hand, that allusions to ballads and other belletristic references in these works, which belong primarily to the textual universe of the relaciones de méritos y servicios (often composed as self-serving justifications for questionable actions), function as a means of self-engrandizement. In this way authors conformed to discursive requirements that compelled them to portray themselves as valiant, when not heroic, subjects of the Crown. The current article proposes a third alternative; namely, that the literary references in sixteenth-century chronicles operate at another deeper epistemological level, and constitute hermeneutical strategies rooted in medieval reading and writing practices. Specifically, that they operate as glosses which process and organize knowledge in a way that allows for the assimilation of new knowledge--especially knowledge of the unknown--into the broader cultural context of the author and the reader. In them, we are able to discover at the level of language and rhetoric one of the basic gestures of colonialism: the urge to appropriate, inhabit the territory of, and dominate the Other through the Other's transformation into familiar images of the self.Las referencias al romancero y otros textos literarios de raíces medievales en los tempranos documentos históricos hispanoamericanos se han interpretado de dos principales maneras: una lingüística y otra socio-jurídica. Por un lado, se consideran estas referencias como testimonios de que el romancero estaba firmemente arraigado en la lengua y cultura populares del siglo XVI. Por otro, se toman las citas y alusiones a los romances y otros textos, sobre todo en los documentos que pertenecen al universo textual de las relaciones de méritos y servicios, como medios de autoagrandamiento que surgían de la necesidad de presentarse los autores como valientes y heroicos sujetos de la Corona. El presente estudio propone una tercera alternativa al fenómeno. Propone que las referencias beltrísticas en las crónicas del siglo XVI funcionan en un nivel epistemológico más profundo, constituyéndose como estrategias hermenéuticas cuyos orígenes se pueden encontrar en las prácticas medievales de la lectura y composición de los textos. Se propone que las referencias literarias funcionan a modo de glosas que permiten organizar y procesar el conocimiento de lo ignoto. Facilitan la asimilación de nuevas experiencias e ideas, especialmente la asimilación de lo completamente desconocido, al acomodar lo totalmente nuevo a un universo cultural pre-establecido, él de los autores y lectores europeos. En estas referencias literarias se descubren en el plano retórico y lingüístico uno de los gestos básicos del colonialismo: el deseo de apropiar, dominar, y poblar el territorio del Otro al transformar éste en una imagen de uno mismo

Apoptotic Effects of Antilymphocyte Globulins on Human Pro-inflammatory CD4+CD28− T-cells

BACKGROUND: Pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells with known defects in apoptosis have been investigated as markers of premature immuno-senescence in various immune-mediated diseases. In this study we evaluated the influence of polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins (ATG-Fresenius, ATG-F) on CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells in vivo and in vitro. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Surface and intracellular three colour fluorescence activated cell sorting analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 consecutive transplant recipients and short-term cell lines were performed. In vivo, peripheral levels of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells decreased from 3.7 ± 7.1% before to 0 ± 0% six hours after ATG-F application (P = 0.043) in 5 ATG-F treated but not in 11 control patients (2.9 ± 2.9% vs. 3.9 ± 3.0%). In vitro, ATG-F induced apoptosis even in CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells, which was 4.3-times higher than in CD4(+)CD28(+) T-cells. ATG-F evoked apoptosis was partially reversed by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) and prednisolon-21-hydrogensuccinate. ATG-F triggered CD25 expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced down-regulation of the type 1 chemokine receptors CXCR-3, CCR-5, CX3CR-1 and the central memory adhesion molecule CD62L predominately in CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells. CONCLUSION: In summary, in vivo depletion of peripheral CD3(+)CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells by ATG-F in transplant recipients was paralleled in vitro by ATG-F induced apoptosis. CD25 expression and chemokine receptor down-regulation in CD4(+)CD28(-) T-cells only partly explain the underlying mechanism

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Functional Skeletal Muscle Progenitors

Summary Skeletal muscle harbors quiescent stem cells termed satellite cells and proliferative progenitors termed myoblasts, which play pivotal roles during muscle regeneration. However, current technology does not allow permanent capture of these cell populations in vitro. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the myogenic transcription factor MyoD, combined with exposure to small molecules, reprograms mouse fibroblasts into expandable induced myogenic progenitor cells (iMPCs). iMPCs express key skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell markers including Pax7 and Myf5 and give rise to dystrophin-expressing myofibers upon transplantation in vivo. Notably, a subset of transplanted iMPCs maintain Pax7 expression and sustain serial regenerative responses. Similar to satellite cells, iMPCs originate from Pax7+ cells and require Pax7 itself for maintenance. Finally, we show that myogenic progenitor cell lines can be established from muscle tissue following small-molecule exposure alone. This study thus reports on a robust approach to derive expandable myogenic stem/progenitor-like cells from multiple cell types

Stroke genetics informs drug discovery and risk prediction across ancestries

Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of stroke — the second leading cause of death worldwide — were conducted predominantly in populations of European ancestry1,2. Here, in cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of 110,182 patients who have had a stroke (five ancestries, 33% non-European) and 1,503,898 control individuals, we identify association signals for stroke and its subtypes at 89 (61 new) independent loci: 60 in primary inverse-variance-weighted analyses and 29 in secondary meta-regression and multitrait analyses. On the basis of internal cross-ancestry validation and an independent follow-up in 89,084 additional cases of stroke (30% non-European) and 1,013,843 control individuals, 87% of the primary stroke risk loci and 60% of the secondary stroke risk loci were replicated (P < 0.05). Effect sizes were highly correlated across ancestries. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping, in silico mutagenesis analysis3, and transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association analyses revealed putative causal genes (such as SH3PXD2A and FURIN) and variants (such as at GRK5 and NOS3). Using a three-pronged approach4, we provide genetic evidence for putative drug effects, highlighting F11, KLKB1, PROC, GP1BA, LAMC2 and VCAM1 as possible targets, with drugs already under investigation for stroke for F11 and PROC. A polygenic score integrating cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific stroke GWASs with vascular-risk factor GWASs (integrative polygenic scores) strongly predicted ischaemic stroke in populations of European, East Asian and African ancestry5. Stroke genetic risk scores were predictive of ischaemic stroke independent of clinical risk factors in 52,600 clinical-trial participants with cardiometabolic disease. Our results provide insights to inform biology, reveal potential drug targets and derive genetic risk prediction tools across ancestries