Country Debt Default Probabilities in Emerging Markets: Were Credit Rating Agencies Wrong?

This chapter contains sections titled: Debt Rescheduling Probability Model; Empirical Versus CRAs' Probabilities of Emerging Markets Sovereign Debt Rescheduling; Implications

Comunication, the importance of feedback and a study research on the rating of the two courses “advanced fife support” and “emotional management in the areas of emergency”

Per ogni osservatore del mondo contemporaneo, la parola comunicazione e i termini ad essa correlati, sono messi in discussione ovunque. “Vivere nel mondo della comunicazione” è una frase che sentiamo spesso. Ma è una novità? Se la lingua, il corpo, la voce (più che la coscienza) sono caratteristiche proprie dell'essere umano e se è vero che esse sono i mezzi basilari di comunicazione, allora l'uomo è di per sé un essere comunicativo. Senza fermarsi a questa dichiarazione, i modi che si hanno a disposizione per trasmettere i messaggi e gli altri processi di informazione, partendo dall’utilizzo dell'immagine, si moltiplicano e permettono al processo comunicativo una gamma di espressioni come mai prima raggiunto nella storia. Cos'è la comunicazione? Non possiamo fare inutilmente delle affermazioni per una questione di non semplice definizione. In questo scritto ci si sofferma principalmente sulla domanda "Quale è la comunicazione effettiva"?For every observer of the contemporary world, the word communication and terms related thereto, are challenged everywhere. "Living in the world of communication" is a phrase we often hear. But is new? If the language, body, voice (rather than consciousness) are characteristic of the human being and if it is true that they are the basic means of communication, then the man is a being in itself communicative. Without stopping to this statement, the ways that you have available to transmit messages and other information processes, starting from the use of the image, multiply the communication process and enable a range of expressions like never before achieved in history. What is communication? We can not make unnecessary statements as a matter of no easy definition. In this paper we focus primarily on the question "What is effective communication?

VIOLATION OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1244

The issue of Kosovo's disrespect for resolution 1244 has significant implications for the United Nations and the international legal system. The failure to respect and implement resolution 1244 has undermined the authority of the UNSC and the international community's commitment to upholding international law. The policy debate on Kosovo's independence has been divided, with some countries such as the European Union and the United States supporting Kosovo's independence as necessary for the stability and development of the region, while other countries like Russia and China oppose it as a violation of international law. This has led to a lack of consensus on the implementation of resolution 1244, which is crucial for ensuring peace and stability in the region. The relevant literature highlights the need for a balanced approach that takes into account the complexities of the issue and promotes a peaceful solution through dialogue and negotiations. It also emphasizes the importance of supporting the development of Kosovo as an independent state while respecting the principle of territorial integrity. The UN's capacities for the prevention of violent conflict have also been discussed as an important tool for addressing the issue of Kosovo's disrespect for resolution 1244.The issue of Kosovo's disrespect for resolution 1244 is a complex and contentious issue that requires careful consideration and analysis. Keywords relevant to this issue include self-determination, territorial integrity, international law, United Nations, UNSC, policy debate, and development. A balanced approach that promotes peace and stability in the region while respecting international law and the United Nations system is essential for a sustainable solution

Textbook vocabulary and cultural competence: a case study in efl in the republic of Macedonia

The issues of cultural content of textbooks for learning English as a foreign language and the sociocultral content of vocabulary in these same textbooks are the main focus of this thesis. The key point is that cultural learning is integral to language learning, and that while improving their linguistic ability learners should have an understanding of what the language they are learning represents. In the Republic of Macedonia the importance of cultural learning has been recognized but the theory and methods of teaching culture have been to a certain degree neglected. Issues such as ELT in Macedonia and the problems it faces, serves as a point of departure for this thesis, whereas the theoretical framework is based on issues such as the specific case of English as the lingua franca, the inseparability of language and culture, the six competencies according to Van Ek and the intercultural perspective to language learning. The survey of the studies shows that the aims of language learning involve intercultural competence rather than merely acquiring language skills which is not enough for cross-cultural communication and for real understanding of the target culture(s). On the basis of this framework criteria for the general cultural content of textbooks are looked at. Apart from these issues dealing with language and culture and language learning, a whole chapter is devoted to a survey of the latest research on vocabulary teaching and learning: corpus based vocabulary studies, in what way culture is encoded in vocabulary whereby the sociocultural dimension of vocabulary is specified, vocabulary acquisition, selection and incorporating vocabulary in the syllabus. Having in mind the above studies, criteria for the analysis of the sociocultural content of vocabulary are put forward. Investigation is carried out on two textbooks for learning English, both from the point of view of general cultural content and more specifically, sociocultural content of vocabulary, The results of the analyses showed that both textbooks have to a certain extent a potential for generating cultural knowledge. However, there does not seem to be an awareness on the part of the textbook authors of how such knowledge is to be conveyed to the learners. It seems that the role of culture has not been fully appreciated in that the learners should be taught to observe the world from the natives' perspective and appreciate the differences between their own culture and the target culture(s)

On the competitive fitness of baculoviruses in insects

Mixed infections of baculoviruses in insect hosts are quite common in nature. This leads to ‘within-host’ and ‘between-host’ competition between virus variants. Because both levels of selection will contribute to overall biological fitness, both must be included in assessments of the fitness of fast-acting recombinant baculoviruses. We investigated baculovirus fitness parameters in single and mixed infection of insect larvae, in single and serial passage experiments in lepidopteran hosts (Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exiqua and Trichoplusia ni) in laboratory, greenhouse and field settings. Median time to death in third instar larvae of H. armigera (Hübner) was lower in insects challenged with a mixture of wild type (HaSNPV-wt) and mutant (_egt, HaSNPV-LM2) Helicoverpa armigera SNPV, than in larvae infected with only HaSNPV-wt. The results from a behavioral study on cotton (glasshouse, field) indicated that the transmission of HaSNPV-LM2 is not modified by the absence of the egt gene, whereas in the case of the HaSNPV-AaIT (_egt, + AaIT) lower virus yield as well as altered caterpillar behavior could compromise virus fitness. Virus transmission in greenhouse and field was not reduced, when HaSNPV-LM2 was used in mixed infections with HaSNPV-wt. However, a reduction of ‘between host’ transmission was recorded when H. armigera larvae were co-infected with HaSNPV-wt and HaSNPVAaIT. Serial passage experiments with S. exigua and T. ni showed positive selection for wild type SeMNPV and AcMNPV over genetically modified variants (_egt, + AaIT in the case of SeMNPV, and _egt in the case of AcMNPV) over passages. These findings can help to understand long-term dynamics of virus genotypes in virus-insect-host plant systems. They can also help foresee potential consequences of the introduction of genetically-modified or exotic baculoviruses in agro-ecosystems. <br/

Le emozioni e il linguaggio del corpo

Nella comunicazione umana riconosciamo vari elementi che sono connessi tra di loro formando un insieme che aiuta a trasmettere una informazione. Il solo contenuto delle parole non è sufficiente per qualificare tale informazione. Il corpo spesso parla più delle parole e riesce a dare un senso emozionale del contenuto. Le emozioni sono spesso fondamentali per la validità dell’informazion

Transmission channels of the global economic crisis: micro evidence for Мacedonia

The 2008-2009 global recession, which originated in developed economies, has rapidly spilled over worldwide, hitting different economies with various intensity. The Macedonian economy was not an exception - the export sector suffered heavily, expectations deteriorated and household consumption declined subsequently. In this paper we aim to improve our understanding of the effects of the global crisis on the Macedonian economy by using disaggregated, firm-level data. As micro data generally contain richer information compared to aggregated data, this research provides useful information for policy-makers regarding the main weaknesses of the domestic economy, as well as regarding the actions needed to improve the resilience of the economy to future economic distress. The results suggest that firms that produce and sell domestically had relatively weaker performance. The trade channel appears important only for the main exporting group - the metal producers, whereas the financial channel did not play a significant role during the crisis

Влијание на хидројаловиштето на рудник Саса врз квалитетот на растителните и животинските производи во неговата околина

All the typical stages of mining from research to closing itself are followed by a variety of environmental impacts. Negative impact in the exploitation and processing of mineral resources from the mines is noted through the impact on water resources, air quality, wildlife, soil quality, social values and on local climate changes. One of the serious problems from environmental aspect associated with mining is the storage of the flotation tailing in the tailing dams. In this paper are presented results of tests made on the quality of the plant and animal products, according to the concentration of heavy metals in the surroundings of the tailing dams of SASA mine. Analysis were made on several samples of milk and several different products with plant origin that are consumed by the local population living along the river Kamenicka, from the tailing dams to settlement M. Kamenica

Interpreter training: Taking account of intercultural communication

Communication settings involving interpreters are always instances influenced by intercultural factors, due to the fact that in interpreted communication there is the co-presence of two or more cultural and language systems which inevitably give rise to potential misunderstandings or misinterpretations of the original, intended message issued by the speaker. The point of departure of the study is the understanding that besides being language experts, interpreters also need to acquire intercultural effectiveness in order to successfully practice their profession. The study discusses basic concepts of intercultural communication and examines the relationship between interpreting and intercultural awareness, particularly focusing on the role and specific skills of the interpreter. To this effect, a survey was carried out among professional interpreters in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim of the survey was to test interpreters’ point of view of the way they perceive their role during the interpretative event. The importance of including the teaching of intercultural communication as part of the interpreter training program at the Faculty of Philology “Blaže Koneski” – Skopje, will also be highlighted