STUDY OF AMORPHOUS GERMANIUM-NITROGEN ALLOYS THROUGH X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON AND AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIES

In this work, experimentally determined values of electron spectroscopic shifts induced by nitrogen in Ge core levels of substoichiometric amorphous germanium-nitrogen (a-GeN) alloys are discussed and presented. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) are employed to study the behavior of the Ge 3d and LMM spectra, respectively, and combined the corresponding XPS and Auger core levels shifts to determine Δα′, the modified Auger parameter shift, which is exempt from problems inherent in the interpretation of XPS and XAES shifts. It is demonstrated how one can use Δα′ to reliably estimate ΔnGe, the change in Ge valence charge in the alloys, and how one can calibrate XPS shifts of Si and Ge based alloys in terms of approximate values of ΔnGe

From Harm to Robustness: A Principled Approach to Vice Regulation

John Stuart Mill’s harm principle maintains that adult behavior cannot justifiably be subject to social coercion unless the behavior involves harm or a significant risk of harm to non-consenting others. The absence of harms to others, however, is one of the distinguishing features of many manifestations of “vices” such as the consumption of alcohol, nicotine, recreational drugs, prostitution, pornography, and gambling. It is with respect to vice policy, then, that the harm principle tends to be most constraining, and some current vice controls, such as prohibitions on drug possession and prostitution, violate Mill’s precept. In the vice arena, we seem to be willing to accept social interference with what Mill termed “self-regarding” behavior. But does that willingness then imply that any social intervention into private affairs is justifiable, that the government has just as much right to outlaw Protestantism, or shag carpets, or spicy foods, as it does to outlaw drugs? In this paper I argue that advances in neuroscience and behavioral economics offer strong evidence that vices and other potentially addictive goods or activities frequently involve less-than-rational choices, and hence are exempt from the full force of the harm principle. As an alternative guide to vice policy, and following some guidance from Mill, I propose the “robustness principle”: public policy towards addictive or vicious activities engaged in by adults should be robust with respect to departures from full rationality. That is, policies should work pretty well if everyone is completely rational, and policies should work pretty well even if many people are occasionally (or frequently) irrational in their vice-related choices. The harm and robustness principles cohere in many ways, but the robustness principle offers more scope for policies that try to direct people “for their own good,” without opening the door to tyrannical inroads upon self-regarding behavior

Genotype-Specific Differences between Mouse CNS Stem Cell Lines Expressing Frontotemporal Dementia Mutant or Wild Type Human Tau

Stem cell (SC) lines that capture the genetics of disease susceptibility provide new research tools. To assess the utility of mouse central nervous system (CNS) SC-containing neurosphere cultures for studying heritable neurodegenerative disease, we compared neurosphere cultures from transgenic mice that express human tau with the P301L familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) mutation, rTg(tauP301L)4510, with those expressing comparable levels of wild type human tau, rTg(tauwt)21221. rTg(tauP301L)4510 mice express the human tauP301L variant in their forebrains and display cellular, histological, biochemical and behavioral abnormalities similar to those in human FTD, including age-dependent differences in tau phosphorylation that distinguish them from rTg(tauwt)21221 mice. We compared FTD-hallmark tau phosphorylation in neurospheres from rTg(tauP301L)4510 mice and from rTg(tauwt)21221 mice. The tau genotype-specific phosphorylation patterns in neurospheres mimicked those seen in mice, validating use of neurosphere cultures as models for studying tau phosphorylation. Genotype-specific tau phosphorylation was observed in 35 independent cell lines from individual fetuses; tau in rTg(tauP301L)4510 cultures was hypophosphorylated in comparison with rTg(tauwt)21221 as was seen in young adult mice. In addition, there were fewer human tau-expressing cells in rTg(tauP301L)4510 than in rTg(tauwt)21221 cultures. Following differentiation, neuronal filopodia-spine density was slightly greater in rTg(tauP301L)4510 than rTg(tauwt)21221 and control cultures. Together with the recapitulation of genotype-specific phosphorylation patterns, the observation that neurosphere lines maintained their cell line-specific-differences and retained SC characteristics over several passages supports the utility of SC cultures as surrogates for analysis of cellular disease mechanisms

Colliding Worlds: Asteroid research and the legitimization of war in space

Accepted versio

Ordered oxide surfaces on metals: chromium oxide

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORWe present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) investigations of ordered chromium oxide ultrathin films prepared on a Pd(111) single-crystal surface. The films where grown by thermal evaporation of Cr under an oxygen atmosphere and sample temperature of 600 K. The ordered films produced are strongly dependent on the film thickness and annealing treatment. Films with thickness below 5 Å, produced at low coverages, display a p(2 × 2) structure relative to Pd(111). Thicker films (thickness > 10 Å) always have a (√3 × √3)R30° structure. The photoemission measurements were done using conventional X-ray sources as well as synchrotron radiation taken at the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron. The XPD data were interpreted through the use of a multiple scattering calculation approach combined with a genetic algorithm for surface structure optimization. Combining the information from XPS, low energy electron diffraction and XPD measurements we have determined the surface structure of the (√3 × √3)R30° phase. Elsewhere, we report on the structure of the p(2 × 2) phase. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.We present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) investigations of ordered chromium oxide ultrathin films prepared on a Pd(111) single-crystal surface. The films where grown by thermal evaporation of Cr under an oxygen atmosphere and sample temperature of 600 K. The ordered films produced are strongly dependent on the film thickness and annealing treatment. Films with thickness below 5 A?, produced at low coverages, display a p(2 x 2) structure relative to Pd(111). Thicker films (thickness>10 A?) always have a ( ?3 p x ?3 p) R30° structure. The photoemission measurements were done using conventional X-ray sources as well as synchrotron radiation taken at the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron. The XPD data were interpreted through the use of a multiple scattering calculation approach combined with a genetic algorithm for surface structure optimization. Combining the information from XPS, low energy electron diffraction and XPD measurements we have determined the surface structure of the ( ?3 p x ?3 p) R30° phase. Elsewhere, we report on the structure of the p(2 x 2) phaseWe present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) investigations of ordered chromium oxide ultrathin films prepared on a Pd(111) single-crystal surface. The films where grown by thermal evaporation of Cr under an oxygen atmosphere and sample temperature of 600 K. The ordered films produced are strongly dependent on the film thickness and annealing treatment. Films with thickness below 5 A˚, produced at low coverages, display a p(2 x 2) structure relative to Pd(111). Thicker films (thickness>10 A˚) always have a ( ѵ3 p x ѵ3 p) R30° structure. The photoemission measurements were done using conventional X-ray sources as well as synchrotron radiation taken at the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron. The XPD data were interpreted through the use of a multiple scattering calculation approach combined with a genetic algorithm for surface structure optimization. Combining the information from XPS, low energy electron diffraction and XPD measurements we have determined the surface structure of the ( ѵ3 p x ѵ3 p) R30° phase. Elsewhere, we report on the structure of the p(2 x 2) phase.5. San Luis Conference on Surfaces, Interfaces and Catalysis541/49096FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORSem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informaçãoMcGuire, T.R., Scott, E.J., Grannis, F.H., (1956) Phys Rev, 102, p. 1000. , 1:CAS:528:DyaG28Xns1SrsA%3D%3D 10.1103/PhysRev.102.1000Schwarz, K., (1986) J Phys F Met Phys, 16, p. 211. , 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlsVCltbo%3D 10.1088/0305-4608/16/9/002Hogan, J.P., (1983) Appl Ind Catal, 1, p. 149. , 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXitFSnt7c%3DHogan, J.P., Banks, R.L., (1953), Belg. 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San Luis Conference on Surfaces, Interfaces and Catalysis09 a 19 de Abril de 2010São Pedro, BrasilPASI - Pan-American Advanced Studies InstituteThe authors would like to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and LNLS of Brasil for support

Photoemission from Pt(111)-(hex)-Rb and Pt(111)-(4x1)-RbO using polarised synchrotron radiation

BMBF - BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR BILDUNG UND FORSCHUNGDAAD - DEUTSCHER AKADEMISCHER AUSTAUSCHDIENSTCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPERGS - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SULIn various experiments it has been demonstrated that the circular dichroism in the angular distribution of photoelectrons (CDAD) is not only observed from oriented initial states (aligned adsorbed molecules or magnetized samples), but also arises as a consequence of the scattering of photoelectrons from the surrounding atoms in a solid or an adsorbate. In this work we will show first measurements performed at the SGM beamline of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source (LNLS) on a (4×1) superstructure of 1 ML RbO adsorbed on Pt(111). Measurements from the 4s core levels of Rb adsorbed at Pt(111) were also performed at the PM-III beamline at BESSY. The measured variations of the intensity and the CDAD with respect to the photon energy are interpreted in terms of photoelectron diffraction. The results will be used to discuss the possibility of photoelectron holography using circularly polarized light.In various experiments it has been demonstrated that the circular dichroism in the angular distribution of photoelectrons (CDAD) is not only observed from oriented initial states (aligned adsorbed molecules or magnetised samples), but also arises as a consequence of the scattering of photoelectrons from the surrounding atoms in a solid or an adsorbate. In this work we will show first measurements performed at the SGM beamline of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source (LNLS) on a (4x1) superstructure of 1 ML RbO adsorbed on Pt(111). Measurements from the 4s core levels of Rb adsorbed at Pt(111) were also performed at the PM-III beamline at BESSY. The measured variations of the intensity and the CDAD with respect to the photon energy are interpreted in terms of photoelectron diffraction. The results will be used to discuss the possibility of photoelectron holography using circularly polarised light.8. International Conference on Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure114-116345350BMBF - BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR BILDUNG UND FORSCHUNGDAAD - DEUTSCHER AKADEMISCHER AUSTAUSCHDIENSTCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPERGS - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SULBMBF - BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR BILDUNG UND FORSCHUNGDAAD - DEUTSCHER AKADEMISCHER AUSTAUSCHDIENSTCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPERGS - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL05 SC8 UMA 0PROBALFeder, R., (1977) Solid State Commun., 21, p. 109Ritchie, B., (1975) Phys. Rev. a, 12, p. 567Fecher, G.H., Oelsner, A., Ostertag, Ch., Schönhense, G., (1995) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 76, p. 97Gabor, D., (1948) Nature (Lond.), 161, p. 777Szöke, A., Short wavelength coherent radiation (1986) AIP Conference Proceedings, 147, p. 361Schönhense, G., Hormes, J., (1996) VUV and Soft X-Ray Photoionization, , New York: PlenumOelsner, A., Fecher, G.H., (1999) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 101-103, p. 455Oelsner, A., (1998) Experimente Zur Entwicklung der Grundlagen für Die Polarisationsabhängige Photoelektronenholographie, , Aachen: Shaker Verlag. Ph.D. ThesisLiebsch, A., (1974) Phys. Rev. Lett., 21, p. 1203Fadley, C.S., (1994) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 68, p. 1908 a 12 de Agosto de 2000Berkeley, CA, Estados UnidosClark Kerr Campus, University of Californi