Phosphate binding by a novel Zn(II) complex featuring a trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane ligand. Effective anion recognition in water

Excellent affinities and selectivities toward triphosphates are achieved through an adaptive ditopic receptor featuring a metal ion and a macrocyclic polyammonium cation binding sites, concertedly bridging phosphate anions

SARS-CoV-2 presence in recreational seawater and evaluation of intestine permeability: experimental evidence of low impact on public health

IntroductionCoastal seawater pollution poses a public health risk due to the potential ingestion of contaminated water during recreational activities. Wastewater-based epidemiology has revealed the abundant presence of SARS-CoV-2 in seawater emitted from wastewater outlets. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of seawater on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity to assess the safety of recreational activities in seawater.MethodsWild SARS-CoV-2 was collected from oral swabs of COVID-19 affected patients and incubated for up to 90 min using the following solutions: (a) standard physiological solution (control), (b) reconstructed seawater (3.5% NaCl), and (c) authentic seawater (3.8%). Samples were then exposed to two different host systems: (a) Vero E6 cells expressing the ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 receptor and (b) 3D multi-tissue organoids reconstructing the human intestine. The presence of intracellular virus inside the host systems was determined using plaque assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and transmission electron microscopy.ResultsUltrastructural examination of Vero E6 cells revealed the presence of virus particles at the cell surface and in replicative compartments inside cells treated with seawater and/or reconstituted water only for samples incubated up to 2 min. After a 90-min incubation, the presence of the virus and its infectivity in Vero E6 cells was reduced by 90%. Ultrastructural analysis performed in 3D epi-intestinal tissue did not reveal intact viral particles or infection signs, despite the presence of viral nucleic acid detected by qPCR. Indeed, viral genes (Orf1ab and N) were found in the intestinal luminal epithelium but not in the enteric capillaries. These findings suggest that the intestinal tissue is not a preferential entry site for SARS-CoV-2 in the human body. Additionally, the presence of hypertonic saline solution did not increase the susceptibility of the intestinal epithelium to virus penetration; rather, it neutralized its infectivity.ConclusionOur results indicate that engaging in recreational activities in a seawater environment does not pose a significant risk for COVID-19 infection, despite the possible presence of viral nucleic acid deriving from degraded and fragmented viruses

Foscolo critico

Il volume, primo della collana open access dei "Quaderni di Gargnano", ospita i contributi presentati al XV Convegno internazionale di Letteratura italiana "Gennaro Barbarisi", tenutosi a Gargnano del Garda dal 24 al 26 settembre 2012. Il "Quaderno", dedicato al Foscolo critico, accoglie contributi di Giovanni Biancardi, Arnaldo Bruni, Andrea Campana, Massimo Castellozzi, Gustavo Costa, Alfredo Cottignoli, Christian Del Vento, Sandro Gentili, Franco Longoni, Ilaria Mangiavacchi, Donatella Martinelli, Giuseppe Natale, Enzo Neppi, Matteo Palumbo, Elena Parrini Cantini, Chiara Piola Caselli. \uc8 aperto da una Prefazione di Claudia Berra, Paolo Borsa e Giulia Ravera.This volume on "Foscolo critico" is the first volume of the "Quaderni di Gargnano", an open access book series which publishes the Proceedings of the "Gennaro Barbarisi" International Conferences on Italian Literature, held in Gargnano del Garda. It contains contributions by Giovanni Biancardi, Arnaldo Bruni, Andrea Campana, Massimo Castellozzi, Gustavo Costa, Alfredo Cottignoli, Christian Del Vento, Sandro Gentili, Franco Longoni, Ilaria Mangiavacchi, Donatella Martinelli, Giuseppe Natale, Enzo Neppi, Matteo Palumbo, Elena Parrini Cantini, Chiara Piola Caselli, preceded by a Preface by the Editor: Claudia Berra, Paolo Borsa, Giulia Ravera

The rapid spread of SARS-COV-2 Omicron variant in Italy reflected early through wastewater surveillance

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant emerged in South Africa in November 2021, and has later been identified worldwide, raising serious concerns. A real-time RT-PCR assay was designed for the rapid screening of the Omicron variant, targeting characteristic mutations of the spike gene. The assay was used to test 737 sewage samples collected throughout Italy (19/21 Regions) between 11 November and 25 December 2021, with the aim of assessing the spread of the Omicron variant in the country. Positive samples were also tested with a real-time RT-PCR developed by the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), and through nested RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Overall, 115 samples tested positive for Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant. The first occurrence was detected on 7 December, in Veneto, North Italy. Later on, the variant spread extremely fast in three weeks, with prevalence of positive wastewater samples rising from 1.0% (1/104 samples) in the week 5-11 December, to 17.5% (25/143 samples) in the week 12-18, to 65.9% (89/135 samples) in the week 19-25, in line with the increase in cases of infection with the Omicron variant observed during December in Italy. Similarly, the number of Regions/Autonomous Provinces in which the variant was detected increased from one in the first week, to 11 in the second, and to 17 in the last one. The presence of the Omicron variant was confirmed by the JRC real-time RT-PCR in 79.1% (91/115) of the positive samples, and by Sanger sequencing in 66% (64/97) of PCR amplicons. In conclusion, we designed an RT-qPCR assay capable to detect the Omicron variant, which can be successfully used for the purpose of wastewater-based epidemiology. We also described the history of the introduction and diffusion of the Omicron variant in the Italian population and territory, confirming the effectiveness of sewage monitoring as a powerful surveillance tool

Personalizing Cancer Pain Therapy: Insights from the Rational Use of Analgesics (RUA) Group

Introduction: A previous Delphi survey from the Rational Use of Analgesics (RUA) project involving Italian palliative care specialists revealed some discrepancies between current guidelines and clinical practice with a lack of consensus on items regarding the use of strong opioids in treating cancer pain. Those results represented the basis for a new Delphi study addressing a better approach to pain treatment in patients with cancer. Methods: The study consisted of a two-round multidisciplinary Delphi study. Specialists rated their agreement with a set of 17 statements using a 5-point Likert scale (0 = totally disagree and 4 = totally agree). Consensus on a statement was achieved if the median consensus score (MCS) (expressed as value at which at least 50% of participants agreed) was at least 4 and the interquartile range (IQR) was 3–4. Results: This survey included input from 186 palliative care specialists representing all Italian territory. Consensus was reached on seven statements. More than 70% of participants agreed with the use of low dose of strong opioids in moderate pain treatment and valued transdermal route as an effective option when the oral route is not available. There was strong consensus on the importance of knowing opioid pharmacokinetics for therapy personalization and on identifying immediate-release opioids as key for tailoring therapy to patients’ needs. Limited agreement was reached on items regarding breakthrough pain and the management of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. Conclusion: These findings may assist clinicians in applying clinical evidence to routine care settings and call for a reappraisal of current pain treatment recommendations with the final aim of optimizing the clinical use of strong opioids in patients with cancer

Dimissione precoce con intervento domiciliare nei pazienti con ictus: revisione della letteratura, ruolo del Terapista Occupazionale e stima dei costi in un Azienda sanitaria

Questa Tesi di Laurea si propone di indagare le evidenze ad oggi presenti in letteratura rispetto alla dimissione precoce associata a intervento domiciliare con persone colpite da ictus, approfondendo il ruolo del Terapista Occupazionale e ipotizzando una stima dei costi in un’azienda sanitaria del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Al fine di individuare gli articoli più significativi è stata condotta una ricerca tramite consultazione delle banche dati Medline, OTseeker e Cochrane, inoltre sono stati consultati testi e linee guida inerenti la Terapia Occupazionale nel trattamento dell’ictus. Da quanto è stato possibile approfondire, la dimissione precoce sembra essere più vantaggiosa per le condizioni di disabilità medio-lievi (indice di Barthel > 9/20). La modalità organizzativa più efficace è quella caratterizzata da un team multidisciplinare che coordina tutto il percorso riabilitativo (Fearon et al., 2012). Il setting riabilitativo domiciliare nel post ricovero non produce effetti negativi rispetto a ai servizi convenzionalmente forniti nei centri di cura (Hillier e Inglis-Jassiem, 2010). Relativamente al dominio costo-efficacia, l’accesso alle dimissioni precoci protette può contribuire alla riduzione della spesa sanitaria (Krueger et al. 2012). Dall’analisi dei dati reali e dalla stima dei costi è emerso che un servizio di dimissione precoce e protetta coinvolgerebbe solo una quota limitata di pazienti ricoverati per ictus. Per questi pazienti si è stimato un risparmio nei costi derivato dalla degenza ridotta associato ad una consistente copertura riabilitativa. Tuttavia, i risultati ottenuti in questa stima necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti in particolare attraverso la misura Quality-Adjusted Life-Year (QALY) e l’impiego di riferimenti clinici

Identification des mécanismes viraux et hôtes qui déterminent l'activation de l’immunité innée par le senseur d'ADN cGAS

Les acides nucléiques sont des activateurs puissants des réponses immunitaires innées. Pour lutter contre les infections, les organismes multicellulaires ont développé de multiples façons de détecter les agents pathogènes. L'une d'entre elles est la reconnaissance de l'ADN dans le cytoplasme. La présence d'ADN dans le cytoplasme est généralement liée à des infections par des bactéries ou des virus comme le VIH. La GMP-AMP synthase cyclique (cGAS) est un capteur cytosolique essentiel de l'ADN chez les mammifères. Lors de la reconnaissance de l'ADN, cGAS synthétise le petit second messager cyclique GMP-AMP (cGAMP), qui active les voies de signalisation de l’immunité innée. De plus, cGAS joue un rôle central en réponse aux microbes et au développement de maladies auto-immunes comme les interféronopathies. Cette thèse examine le rôle de cGAS en réponse aux virus et à l’ADN du soi. En explorant la réponse médiée par cGAS en présence du VIH, nous avons constaté que dans les cellules produisant du virus, le cGAMP synthétisé par cGAS est contenu dans des particules virales et des vésicules extracellulaires. Les particules virales délivrent efficacement cGAMP aux cellules cibles et activent une réponse antivirale puissante. Le transfert de cGAMP nécessite une activité catalytique de cGAS et une fusion des particules virales avec les cellules cibles. Nous avons également montré que dans le contexte d'une infection, les virus à ADN tels que MVA et mCMV peuvent conditionner cGAMP. Par conséquent, le transfert de cGAMP médié par une infection virale est un mécanisme de défense généralisé du système immunitaire inné. Nous avons également étudié l'activation du cGAS par l'ADN en se concentrant sur l'ADN de la chromatine nucléaire. Dans les cellules eucaryotes, l'ADN est compartimenté dans deux organelles: le noyau et les mitochondries. La compartimentation nucléaire de l'ADN peut être transitoirement perdue lors de la rupture de l'enveloppe nucléaire pendant la division cellulaire et lors des ruptures d'enveloppes nucléaires dans les cellules dendritiques migrantes (DC). Nous avons constaté que la rupture de l'enveloppe nucléaire ou la perte de l'intégrité de l'enveloppe nucléaire entraînent un recrutement de cGAS sur l'ADN nucléaire. Nous avons également montré que les DC présentent un pool nucléaire de cGAS à l'état basal. La rupture de l'enveloppe nucléaire pendant le cycle cellulaire conduit au recrutement de cGAS à l'ADN nucléaire. En jouant sur la localisation cGAS, nous avons montré que le cGAS est peu actif lorsqu'il se trouve dans le noyau et la transfection d'ADN exogène permet son activité enzymatique complète. L'expression du cGAS localisé dans le noyau des DC a conduit à la maturation des DC et à la production d'interféron de type I (IFN). La région N-terminale de cGAS régule la distribution nucléaire / cytoplasmique de cGAS dans les cellules en interphases et nous avons établi que les lamines A / C sont requises pour l'accès de cGAS à l'ADN nucléaire dans les DC migrantes. De façon inattendue, nous montrons que cGAS n'est pas activé lors de la rupture de l'enveloppe nucléaire. Enfin, nous identifions l'hétérochromatine pericentromérique comme étant l'ADN de liaison préférentielle pour le cGAS nucléaire exprimé dans les DC. Au total, notre étude montre que le noyau agit comme un site intracellulaire immunitaire privilégié pour l'activation de cGAS. Collectivement, nous avons montré une pertinence de l'activation de cGAS lors d'une infection virale et découvert un mécanisme « cheval de Troie » de l'incorporation de cGAMP dans la progénie virale. Nous avons également décrit des mécanismes, encore à définir, qui limitent les réponses à l'ADN de la chromatine dans le noyau. À mesure que les preuves augmentent sur la prise en charge de cGAS en réponse à des agents pathogènes, dans des maladies auto-immunes, en réponse aux dommages causés par l'ADN et dans le développement de la sénescence cellulaire, (...)Nucleic acids are potent activators of innate immune responses. To control infections, multicellular organisms have developed multiple ways to detect pathogens. One of these is the recognition of DNA in the cytoplasm. Presence of DNA in the cytoplasm is usually linked to infections by bacteria or viruses, such as HIV. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an essential cytosolic sensor for DNA in mammals. Upon DNA recognition, cGAS synthetizes the small second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates innate immune signaling pathways. cGAS plays a pivotal role in response to microbes and in the development of autoimmune diseases such as interferonopathies. This thesis investigate the role of cGAS in response to viruses and to self DNA. By exploring the cGAS-mediated response to HIV, we found that in cells producing virus, cGAS-synthesized cGAMP is packaged in viral particles and extracellular vesicles. Viral particles efficiently deliver cGAMP to target cells and activate a potent antiviral response. The transfer of cGAMP requires cGAS catalytic activity and fusion of the viral particles with the target cells. We also showed that in the context of an infection, DNA viruses such as MVA and mCMV can package cGAMP. Therefore viral mediated cGAMP transfer is a generalized defense mechanism of the innate immune system. We further investigated cGAS activation by DNA focusing our attention on nuclear chromatin DNA. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is compartmentalized in two organelles: the nucleus and the mitochondrion. Nuclear compartmentalization of DNA can be transiently lost upon nuclear envelope breakdown during cell division and upon nuclear envelope ruptures in migrating dendritic cells (DCs). We found that nuclear envelope breakdown or loss of nuclear envelope integrity leads to cGAS recruitment on the nuclear DNA. We also showed that DCs present with a nuclear pool of cGAS at steady state. Nuclear envelope breakdown during cell cycle leads to cGAS recruitment to the nuclear DNA. By manipulating cGAS localization, we showed that cGAS is poorly active when in the nucleus, and that providing exogenous DNA unmasked its full enzymatic activity. Expression of nuclear localized-cGAS in DCs leads to DCs maturation and Type I interferon (IFN) production. The N-terminal region of cGAS regulates cGAS nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution in interphase cells and we established Lamin A/C as required for cGAS accessibility to nuclear DNA in migrating DCs. Unexpectedly, we show that cGAS is not activated upon nuclear envelope rupture. Finally, we identify the pericentromeric heterochromatin as the preferential binding DNA for expressed nuclear cGAS in DCs. Altogether, our study shows the nucleus to act as an intracellular immune-privileged site for the activation of cGAS. Collectively, we have shown relevance of cGAS activation upon viral infection and uncovered a Trojan horse mechanism of cGAMP incorporation in the viral progeny. We have also described yet to be defined regulatory mechanisms that limit responses towards chromatin DNA in the nucleus. As evidence grows for cGAS involvement in response to pathogens, in autoimmune diseases, in response to DNA damage and in the development of cell senescence, fully understanding the mechanisms of distinction between self and pathogen related DNA by the sensor will be important to develop effective means to regulate the pathway