Web 2.0

131 p. gráf. 23 cm.Libro ElectrónicoAnálisis de oportunidades que brindan los espacios virtuales de la Web 2.0, conceptos de los blog, análisis del concepto social que brinda la web 2.01. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. Una definición 1.2. Un poco de tecnología 1.3. Enredando con lo social 2. EL CONTEXTO 2.1. Un espacio virtual de oportunidades 2.2. La elasticidad sociotécnica de la WebNG 2.3. Nuevo Entorno Tecnosocial 2.4. La Web 2.0 a través del ‘NEToscopio’ 2.5. El universo blog Un fenómeno sustantivo Entendiendo la blogosfera 3. LA WEB SOCIAL 3.1. Software social 3.2. Los nativos digitales 4. CREACIÓN COLECTIVA 4.1. Los wikis y la tradición enciclopédica 4.2. La innovación y la legalidad vigente 4.3. Una virtualidad muy rea

Family dairy farms in the Podlasie province, Poland: farm typology according to farming system

The aim of this paper is to establish a farm typology according to the dairy farming systems in the western part of the Podlasie province. Data of 39 variables was collected by a survey to owners of 123 family farms. A two-stage multivariate analysis was conducted in order to determine farm typology. Three principal components were detected, explaining 80.4% of the total variance. The cluster analysis identified five groups of farms. In two groups the cow productivity is the biggest in the area. A third group contains the smallest and lowest cow productivity farms, with high proportion of non-agricultural activities. One of the two remaining groups has better soil quality and medium cow productivity. The other group has low or medium soil quality but cow productivity is higher than in the fourth group. The SWOT analysis shows different weaknesses and strengths for different groups, as well as those common to a larger number of groups. Weaknesses are related to small farm size, large number of workers, low or medium soil quality and low or medium level of technology. Strengths are related to a large share of fodder crops, low livestock density, diversification of agrarian activities and acceptable cow productivity. On the other hand, general opportunities are linked to the EU-CAP evolution and to the presence of cooperatives in the region, whereas general threats derive from a hypothetic increase of feed prices and quantity of milk produced in the EU, which could lead to a fall in milk prices.El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer tipologías de sistemas lecheros en el oeste de Podlasia (Polonia). Se analizaron 39 variables a partir de encuestas realizadas a propietarios de 123 explotaciones. Tras el análisis multivariante en dos etapas (factorial y cluster) se encontraron tres componentes principales que explican el 80,4% de la varianza total y se obtuvieron cinco grupos de explotaciones. En dos de los grupos la productividad de las vacas es la mayor de la zona. Un tercer grupo tiene las granjas más pequeñas y menos productivas, con una mayor proporción de actividades no agrarias. El cuarto tiene los suelos de mejor calidad y una productividad de las vacas media y el quinto tiene suelos de calidad media o baja pero una productividad de las vacas superior. En general, las debilidades están relacionadas con una escasa dimensión de las granjas, un elevado número de trabajadores, una baja o media calidad de los suelos y un bajo o mediano nivel de tecnología. Las fortalezas están relacionadas con la abundancia de cultivos forrajeros, una carga ganadera baja, una aceptable diversificación agraria y una aceptable productividad de las vacas. Las principales oportunidades están ligadas a la evolución de la PAC de la UE y a la presencia de cooperativas para la comercialización de la leche. Las principales amenazas derivan de los posibles incrementos de precios de los alimentos para el ganado y de leche producida en la UE, que puede conducir a una caída de los precios de venta de la leche

A novel computer software for the evaluation of dynamic visual acuity

Postprint (author's final draft

Le secteur caprin laitier andalou : Stratégies de recherche, développement et formation afin d’augmenter la valeur ajoutée des fromages artisanaux

Résumé. Le secteur caprin laitier andalou produit 50% du lait de l’Espagne et possède des opportunités de développement très claires utilisant des races autochtones et des grandes surfaces de pâturages disponibles. La production de fromages de chèvre en Andalousie peut être considérée comme un modèle de développement rural durable. Différents organismes publics et privés ont créé récemment un réseau de travail multidisciplinaire pour travailler sur la promotion et le développement des fromages artisanaux andalous, en établissant des stratégies de recherche, de développement et de formation destinées à la valorisation de ces fromages, spécialement ceux de chèvre. A partir des résultats d’une analyse stratégique, le présent travail propose des activités de recherche, de développement et de formation consacrées à la caractérisation de la qualité des fromages artisanaux, aux études de marché sur la connaissance et la perception de la qualité, aux activités de formation spécialisée dans la fromagerie et aux activités de promotion.Abstract. The Andalusian dairy goat sector (representing 50% of the national goat milk production) has potential opportunities for development using autochthonous breeds and semi-extensive production systems. Goat cheese production in Andalusia can be considered as a model for a sustainable rural development. Public institutions of research, development, and training as well as private ones have recently created a multidisciplinary and multinstitutional network to perform actions in favour of the marketing and promotion of the andalusian goat cheeses. In this paper, through the results of a strategic analysis, some research, development, and training actions were proposed. These actions are related with the improvement of quality, and the definition of the hand made cheese attributes; studies on the demand side, and consumer perception of quality; and those related to training and promotion

Organic and conventional dairy goat production systems in Andalusian mountainous areas

Organic goat production is poorly developed in Spain. Conventional dairy goat production systems located in Andalusian mountainous areas greatly depend on pasturing which implies that its transformation to organic model is not difficult. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the viability of organic dairy goat farms –as compared to conventional–, and to study the possibilities of transitioning from conventional to organic goat production. This study was carried out in 2006 in Sierra de Cádiz (Andalusia) with the autochthonous breed Payoya. To monitor technico-economic aspects of goat farms, FAO-CIHEAM method was implemented. Results indicate that organic farms are economically viable, due mainly to low costs of external feeds and income from European Union subsidies. For transitioning from conventional to organic dairy goat production a reduction of consumption of concentrates per animal and per year and/or cultivate grain on the farm are necessary.La production caprine biologique est encore peu développée en Espagne. Les systèmes caprins laitiers dans les zones de montagne de l’Andalousie disposent de grandes surfaces pour le pâturage, et, par conséquent, il est assez facile de transformer ces systèmes en systèmes biologiques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la viabilité des systèmes caprins biologiques par rapport aux systèmes caprins conventionnels et d’étudier les possibilités de conversion des systèmes conventionnels en systèmes biologiques. L’étude a été réalisée en 2006 dans la Sierra de Cádiz (Andalousie) avec une race autochtone (Payoya). On a utilisé la méthodologie FAO-CIHEAM pour le suivi technico-économique des exploitations caprines. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes biologiques sont économiquement viables compte tenu surtout des moindres coûts alimentaires par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels et des aides de l’Union Européenne. Pour réussir la transformation des systèmes laitiers caprins conventionnels en systèmes biologiques, il faut réduire l’apport de concentrés et essayer de les produire dans l’exploitation.Junta Andalucí

Serum Neprilysin and Recurrent Admissions in Patients With Heart Failure

Our aim was to evaluate the association between the soluble form of neprilysin () levels and long-term all-cause, cardiovascular, and acute heart failure () recurrent admissions in an ambulatory cohort of patients with heart failure. has emerged as a new biomarker with promising implications for prognosis and therapy in patients with heart failure. Reducing the recurrent admission rate of heart failure patients has become an important target of public health planning strategies. We measured levels in 1021 consecutive ambulatory heart failure patients. End points were the number of all-cause, cardiovascular, and hospitalizations during follow-up. We used covariate-adjusted incidence rate ratios to identify associations. At a median follow-up of 3.4 years (interquartile range: 1.8-5.7), 391 (38.3%) patients died, 477 (46.7%) patients had 1901 all-cause admissions, 324 (31.7%) patients had 770 cardiovascular admissions, and 218 (21.4%) patients had 488 admissions. The medians for and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were 0.64 ng/mL (interquartile range: 0.39-1.22) and 1248 pg/mL (interquartile range: 538-2825), respectively. In a multivariate setting, the adjusted incidence rate ratios for the top (>1.22 ng/mL) versus the bottom (≤0.39 ng/mL) quartiles of were 1.37 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.82), P =0.032; 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.06), P =0.010; and 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.05-2.16), P =0.026 for all-cause, cardiovascular, and admissions, respectively. Elevated levels predicted an increased risk of recurrent all-cause, cardiovascular, and admissions in ambulatory patients with heart failure

Méthodologie d’analyse et d’évaluation technico- économique des systèmes de production ovine et caprine

. Cet article rapporte le travail effectué depuis 1994 par le groupe d’experts du sous-réseau FAO-CIHEAM sur les systèmes de production ovine et caprine, concernant la méthodologie d’évaluation de ces systèmes. L’objectif de ce travail était de mettre au point une méthodologie pour analyser, évaluer et comparer les systèmes de production ovine et caprine, et ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des éleveurs et des agents de développement dans les domaines du diagnostic, du conseil et de l’aide à la décision. La méthode repose sur l’estimation d’un ensemble d’indicateurs directement mesurés, ou d’indicateurs calculés à partir d’autres indicateurs concernant l’exploitation agricole dans son ensemble ou l’atelier ovin ou caprin exclusivement. Les indicateurs sont choisis après validation du groupe d’experts. L’article décrit comment dans certains cas, les difficultés sur le choix d’un ou plusieurs indicateurs ont été résolues. Au total, 196 indicateurs sont décrits dans les tableaux de 1 à 8 avec des conseils sur les conditions de calcul, la signification et l’interprétation de chaque indicateur. Cette méthode repose sur le travail d’enquête des agents de développement qui peuvent être aidés par les éleveurs au niveau de l’enregistrement des données. Les différentes approches pour interpréter les résultats en fonction des objectifs de l’étude sont passées en revue, en particulier l’interprétation par des "blocs diagnostics" et l’identification des points forts ou faibles de chaque système. La restitution des résultats aux éleveurs est considérée comme une phase essentielle de la méthode. La méthode a été appliquée dans des conditions différentes en Andalousie, en Roumanie, au Portugal et au Nord du Maroc pour validation ; ce qui a permis d’améliorer certains points de la méthode afin qu’elle puisse être appliquée de façon plus large.This paper presents the work undertaken since 1994 by a working group of experts from sub-network FAO-CIHEAM on systems of sheep and goat production, on evaluation’s methodology of such systems. The objective of this study was to set up a methodology for analysing and comparing the various systems of sheep and goat production, an so as to meet farmers and extension officers’ requirements in terms of diagnosis, advise and help to decision. This methodology may be applied only if the characteristics of sheep and goat units can be measurable and measured. The method is based on the assessment of a set of directly measured indicators, as well as indicators calculated by other indicators concerning the whole farm or sheep or goat units exclusively. The indicators are selected after validation decided by a working group of experts. The present paper reports on how in some cases, the difficulties on the choice of one or several indicators were solved. On overall, 196 indicators were described in tables from 1 to 8 with advises on conditions of calculation, the significance and interpretation of each indicator. This method is based on the work of survey of development agents likely to be helped by farmers at recording of data. The different approaches for interpreting results in accordance with the objectives of the study are presented in the present paper, particularly the interpretation by "indicators sets for diagnostic" and identification of major or weak points of each system. The diffusion of results to farmers is an essential phase of the method. This method was applied in different conditions in Andalusia, in Romania, in Portugal and Northern Morocco for validation purpose; this enabled the improvement of some points of the method so as to enlarge its field of applicatio

Violencia hacia profesionales de la salud en su lugar de trabajo

Objetivo: Presentar el diseño y los resultados preliminares de la aplicacion del sistema informatizado de Notifi cacion de Incidente Violento (NIV) en el ambito sanitario. Método: A lo largo del bienio 2005-2006, el sistema NIV se ha implementado la web www.violenciaocupacional.net en 38 centros sanitarios de Catalunya que participan voluntariamente en el proyecto. Esta web, que incluye el Cuestionario de Violencia Ocupacional, permite un registro integrado de incidentes violentos contra profesionales de la salud en tiempo real y de modo confi dencial. Una sola persona notifi ca on-line los incidentes de cada centro. El notifi cador pertenece a los departamentos de Recursos Humanos o de Prevencion de Riesgos Laborales y ha sido especialmente designado por su propia institucion para esta funcion. Resultados: En el periodo comprendido entre el 01-01-2005 y el 31-03-07 han sido notifi cados 501 incidentes violentos desde 38 centros en los que trabajan unas 18.000 personas. En el 35% de los casos se da cuenta de agresion fisica y en el 83 % de la de tipo verbal (que a menudo acompana a la anterior). Los incidentes afectan a personal de enfermeria (42%), medico (35%), tecnico y administrativo (16%) y de otros sectores (7%). Conclusión: El sistema NIV constituye una tecnica novedosa de recogida de informacion sobre la violencia ocupacional en el sector sanitario. Los resultados preliminares de su aplicacion piloto reafi rman la importancia del problema investigado, ratifi can tendencias observadas por otros estudios locales e internacionales y senalan elementos clave para la agenda de la investigacion y la intervencion en este campo.Objective: To present the design and preliminary results of application of the computerised Violent Incident Notification (NIV) system in the healthcare sector. Methods: In the 2005-2006 biennium, the www.violenciaocupacional.net website was launched in 38 healthcare centres in Catalonia, all of whom participate voluntarily in this project. This website features a Workplace Violence Questionnaire that allows confidential, real-time, integrated reporting of violent incidents against health care workers. Each centre has a single designated individual, employed in either the human resources or occupational health departments, charged with submitting the online reports. Results: From January 1 2005 through March 31 2007, a total of 501 violent incidents were reported from the 38 healthcare centers, which collectively employ nearly 18,000 persons. Physical assaults accounted for 35% of the cases and verbal aggression (which may occur together with physical assaults) were reported in 83% of cases. These incidents primarily affected nursing (42%), medical (35%), technical and administrative (16%), and other (7%) personnel. Conclusion: The NIV system is a new technique for collecting information on workplace violence in the healthcare sector. Preliminary results of its pilot application underscore the importance of the problem investigated, confirm previously described trends in other local and international studies, and identify some key elements for further investigation and intervention

Tripping to cope: coping strategies and use of hallucinogens during the COVID-19 pandemic in three cultural contexts

The COVID-19 pandemic has made evident the need to develop effective strategies to cushion the psychological consequences of social catastrophes. Preliminary evidence suggests that the use of hallucinogens is a protective factor that mitigates against such stressors. However, the underlying mechanisms must be further explored. This study specifically focused on the potential role of coping strategies in this regard, analyzing them through an online survey completed by a total of 2971 subjects who were followed up with from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until six months after baseline. The survey was published in three different cultures (English, Spanish, and Portuguese), allowing for the collection of data from three different cultural contexts. The results show that coping strategies were generally more related to psychological well-being and psychopathology than to hallucinogenic drug use. However, regarding the latter, users of hallucinogens had higher scores on problem-focused engagement and disengagement and lower scores on wishful thinking than non-users. Longitudinally, while most baseline coping scores were associated with psychological distress and the severity of psychological symptoms, some coping strategies were related to the use of hallucinogens. These results show an adaptive pattern of coping strategies among hallucinogen users. Further research should take into account that coping strategies are only marginally associated with hallucinogenic drug use. Other underlying mechanisms explaining the better adjustment of users of hallucinogens to pandemics should be explore